Abstract
‘‘All nations seem to have had supreme confidence in the deterrent power of threatened and inflicted pain. They have regarded punishment as the shortest road to reformation. Imprisonment, torture, death, constituted a trinity under whose protection society might feel secure. In addition to these, nations have relied on confiscation and degradation, on maiming, whippings, brandings, and exposures to public ridicule and contempt. Connected with the court of justice was the chamber of torture. The ingenuity of man was exhausted in the construction of instruments that would surely reach the most sensitive nerve. All this was done in the interest of civilization - for the protection of virtue, and the well-being of states. Curiously enough, the fact is that, no matter how severe the punishments were, the crimes increased’’. — R. G. Ingersoll in ‘The liberty of man’.
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