Abstract
Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb's radical movement was well launched in Central Arabia before the pact with the Al Saʿūd in 1744. It had been gathering pace as a destabilising force in al-ʿUyayna and beyond for two years, generating controversy that local opponents regionalised by involving ulama in the Holy Cities, al-Aḥsāʾ and Basra. The latter incited local rulers against the Wahhābis and triggered a confrontation. Despite qualified support from al-ʿUyayna's ruler, the Wahhābis were subject to takfīr and persecution. They too wielded takfīr, but with discretion. Their jihad appears to have been defensive in practice. Although their doctrine gave scope for insurrection, there is no recorded instance of them using force independently to challenge the status quo. Their insurgency against opposing rulers in Najd did not start until after the pact with the Al Saʿūd and formal declaration of jihad by the Wahhābi regime.
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