Abstract

 
 
 Online civil society is vulnerable to various malicious actors who conduct cyberattacks against individuals, companies, and governments. Victims of these attacks are using strike backs, hack backs, and defensive cyber actions as a means to send a message to the attacker, we are not a victim (Neal, 2019). My research presents one model of “revenge attacks” whereby the individual defends themselves online without the assistance of government.
 
 
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