Abstract
Most of the numerical simulations of dry textile reinforcements forming are based on a macroscopic approach and continuous material models whose behavior is assumed to be elastic (linear or nonlinear). On the one hand, the experience shows that under loading/unloading stresses, residual inelastic deformations are observed. On the other hand, among the deformations that a woven reinforcement undergoes during forming, in most cases, only bending is subject to loading/unloading stresses. The first objective of this work is to highlight the inelastic bending behavior of textile reinforcements during a forming process and to find the possible origins of inelasticity. The second objective is to find the cases generating bending loading/unloading during forming as well as to study the influence of the bending inelasticity on forming simulation. For this purpose, the inelastic bending behavior was characterized by three-point bending tests. Then, the Dahl friction model was adapted to bending to describe the inelastic behavior. Finally, this model was implemented in a finite element code based on shell elements allowing the study of the influence of taking into account the inelastic behavior in bending on the numerical simulation of forming.
Highlights
The use of composite materials is in continuous growth in many industrial sectors such as aeronautics (Irving and Soutis, 2019; McIlhagger et al, 2020), automotive (Liu et al, 2016; Lee et al, 2019), sports accessories (Collotta et al, 2018; Fleischmann et al, 2018), etc
The friction model of Dahl was adapted to describe the inelastic behavior in bending of woven reinforcements
This model was implemented in stress resultant shell elements and validated by comparison simulation-experiment of bending tests
Summary
The use of composite materials is in continuous growth in many industrial sectors such as aeronautics (Irving and Soutis, 2019; McIlhagger et al, 2020), automotive (Liu et al, 2016; Lee et al, 2019), sports accessories (Collotta et al, 2018; Fleischmann et al, 2018), etc. The properties of composite materials are highly dependent on the orientation of the fibers. This can be controlled successfully in the case of flat panels, but much more difficult in the case of double curve complex shapes. The control of the fiber orientations of the final composite part allows to optimize its mechanical behavior for a given load specification. To help in this task, a considerable amount of research has been carried out over the last 20 years on the simulation of the forming of woven reinforcements. These simulations make it possible to determine the orientation of the fibers after the forming of the woven reinforcement as well as the appearance and development of defects such as wrinkles (Hancock and Potter, 2006; Ten Thije and Akkerman, 2009; Boisse et al, 2011; Walther et al, 2012; Gereke et al, 2013; Mitchell et al, 2016; Mallach et al, 2017; Kärger et al, 2018)
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