The current role of ultraradical surgery in the treatment of pelvic cancer

Abstract

Based on the results of experience accumulated in the past 30 years, exenterative pelvic surgery should be a part of the armamentarium of specially prepared oncologic surgeons. It is most frequently indicated for radiation failures in the treatment of carcinoma of the cervix, although it may be justified as primary treatment of selected cases of stage IV lesions without evidence of dissemination outside the pelvis. It is also justified for postirradiation radionecrosis causing sloughing and fistula, provided adequate relief cannot be offered by simple urinary and fecal diversion. For carcinoma of the rectum and pelvic colon, exenteration has a role in the advanced lesions that appear not to have become disseminated outside the pelvis but that involve contiguous viscera. Reoperation for recurrent carcinoma of the rectum is rarely successful, and this dreaded complication is best avoided by a well-planned and adequate standard first operation, or by the early recognition that a more extended operation is necessary. It is to be hoped that adjuvant radiation therapy, either preoperative or postoperative, or both, may be proved effective in preventing recurrence, especially for lesions below the peritoneal reflection, which is the most frequent site of recurrent disease. Finally, ultraradical pelvic surgery has reached its anatomical and pathologic limit. It only remains for the mortality and survival results to be further improved by continued refinements in the technicalities of the operation and in the judgment and selection of patients for it. Multimodal adjunctive therapy has an emerging role, as does selection of patients for functional preservation and reconstruction. The procedures should continue to be done in institutions where special studies are being conducted and where trained and experienced personnel are available with the necessary ancillary services.