Abstract
Bone defects often result from tumor resection, congenital malformation, trauma, fractures, surgery, or periodontitis in dentistry. Although dental implants serve as an effective treatment to recover mouth function from tooth defects, many patients do not have the adequate bone volume to build an implant. The gold standard for the reconstruction of large bone defects is the use of autogenous bone grafts. While autogenous bone graft is the most effective clinical method, surgical stress to the part of the bone being extracted and the quantity of extractable bone limit this method. Recently mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies have the potential to provide an effective treatment of osseous defects. In this paper, we discuss both the current therapy for bone regeneration and the perspectives in the field of stem cell-based regenerative medicine, addressing the sources of stem cells and growth factors used to induce bone regeneration effectively and reproducibly.
Highlights
Regenerative medicine is the medical field that creates functional tissues to repair and replace damaged or malfunctioning tissues and organs [1]
The following growth factors are reported to be present in platelet-rich plasma (PRP): platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epithelial growth factor (EGF), insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and basic fibroblast growth factor
We have previously shown that TNFα inhibited bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)-induced osteoblast differentiation through NF-κB activation by inhibiting Smad DNA binding [28] (Figure 3)
Summary
Regenerative medicine is the medical field that creates functional tissues to repair and replace damaged or malfunctioning tissues and organs [1]. The gold standard for reconstruction of large bone defects is the use of autogenous bone grafts [3] This method has significant limitations, such as a lack of sufficient transplantable materials, donor site morbidity, inflammation, and resorption of the implanted bone. Alternatives, such as the use of allografts or synthetic grafting materials, address these limitations, both alternatives are limited by immunogenesis or lack of osteoinductivity [4]. This review discusses the current therapies for bone regeneration and perspectives in the field of stem cell-based regenerative medicine, addressing sources of stem cells and growth factors to develop an efficient and high-quality bone derivation without any immunorejection, and tumorigenesis. We discuss the potential use of regenerative medicine in dental tissue engineering
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