Abstract
BackgroundWith the increased use of ploidy manipulation in aquaculture and fisheries management this investigation aimed to determine whether triploidy influences culturable intestinal microbiota composition and bacterial drug resistance in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The results could provide answers to some of the physiological differences observed between triploid and diploid fish, especially in terms of fish health.ResultsNo ploidy effect was observed in the bacterial species isolated, however, triploids were found to contain a significant increase in total gut microbiota levels, with increases in Pseudomonas spp., Pectobacterium carotovorum, Psychrobacter spp., Bacillus spp., and Vibrio spp., (12, 42, 9, 10, and 11% more bacteria in triploids than diploids, respectively), whereas a decrease in Carnobacterium spp., within triploids compared to diploids was close to significant (8% more bacteria in diploids). With the exception of gentamicin, where no bacterial resistance was observed, bacterial isolates originating from triploid hosts displayed increased resistance to antibacterials, three of which were significant (tetracycline, trimethoprim, and sulphonamide).ConclusionResults indicate that triploidy influences both the community and drug resistance of culturable intestinal microbiota in juvenile salmon. These results demonstrate differences that are likely to contribute to the health of triploid fish and have important ramifications on the use of antibacterial drugs within aquaculture.
Highlights
With the increased use of ploidy manipulation in aquaculture and fisheries management this investigation aimed to determine whether triploidy influences culturable intestinal microbiota composition and bacterial drug resistance in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Whilst the gastrointestinal (GI) tract provides an ecological niche for bacterial growth [20], the microbiota present within the GI tract is dependent on host species, strain, ontogenetic growth, stress levels, and gut structure, whereas nutrient processing and absorption, development of the mucosal immune system, angiogenesis, and epithelial renewal are influenced by the gut microbiota [20,21,22,23,24,25]
Increased levels of Pseudomonas sp., Pectobacterium carotovorum, Psychrobacter spp., Bacillus spp., and Vibrio spp., were observed in triploid fish compared to diploids, whereas a decrease in Carnobacterium spp., within triploids compared to diploids was close to significant (P = 0.1, diploids having on average 8% more bacteria than triploids)
Summary
With the increased use of ploidy manipulation in aquaculture and fisheries management this investigation aimed to determine whether triploidy influences culturable intestinal microbiota composition and bacterial drug resistance in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The results could provide answers to some of the physiological differences observed between triploid and diploid fish, especially in terms of fish health. Is has been commented that the physiology of triploids is sufficiently different to diploids that they. Evidence from both mammalian and fish studies suggests the gut microbiota is both influenced by, and has an influence on, host physiology [20,21,22,23]. Whilst the gastrointestinal (GI) tract provides an ecological niche for bacterial growth [20], the microbiota present within the GI tract is dependent on host species, strain, ontogenetic growth, stress levels, and gut structure, whereas nutrient processing and absorption, development of the mucosal immune system, angiogenesis, and epithelial renewal are influenced by the gut microbiota [20,21,22,23,24,25]. A changed microbiota may ease the growth and survival of potential fish pathogenic bacteria and result in a different maturation of the mucosal immunity in young fish
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