The crystal shape algorithm as a tool for the characterization of agglomerated morphologies: Cubic and hexagonal crystal habits of LiMn2O4

Abstract

The crystal shape algorithm as a tool in the quantitative characterization of agglomerated morphologies of materials is reviewed. Irrespective of whether there is agglomeration or not, the material morphology is made up of a fundamental unit known as the crystal habit, which is captured by the crystal shape algorithm. Using this algorithm both agglomerated and un-agglomerated morphologies were studied. Enhanced electrochemical performance of LiMn2O4 cathode material is achieved not only from a preferred crystal orientation along the 400 direction, but also when the crystal growth completely stops along the 311 direction. The cubic crystal habit of LiMn2O4 thus shows much better electrochemical performance as compared to the hexagonal crystal habit.