The Criteria and Indicators for Applying Transit-oriented Development (TOD) in Metropolitan Cities Based on Lessons Learned from the International Experiences

Abstract

Most countries in developed countries have been implementing the TOD approach in their urban planning. TOD design in urban planning is not a new theory and has existed for almost three decades since the 1990s, and then it has been applied to a lot of various model designs suited to a country's purposes. The aim of using TOD depends on urban form, the physical aspects, socio-economic, cultural sides, and political views (policy) connected highly to each other. This paper depicts a literature review and critical review of the successful TOD from international practice gathered by researchers in recent decades. The authors realize that many documents on TOD focus on analysing the existing TOD and evaluating TOD, and the paper presenting the TOD guideline, especially the new-modern design of TOD, is limited. Therefore, the authors review the criteria and indicators and find that there are two objectives of TOD design, macro, and micro levels. At the macro level, the TOD focuses on determining the nodes of all public transport and creating a well-integrated system between the city structure (urban center, urban, and suburban) and its element. The micro level focused on urban design, like pedestrian ways, bicycle paths, station affordability, road design, parking lots, building structure and design, and others. The authors formulate the criteria and indicators in the TOD planning guideline, and it will be rules of TOD for the country in developing countries, which have not to apply for TOD or to improve their TOD effectively based on the successful TOD in any models.