Abstract
Surgical reduction of fractures involving the orbits, nasoethmoid complex, and adjacent cranium is challenging; adequate initial reduction and stabilization is essential because secondary reconstructive procedures usually provide less than satisfactory results. Our operative techniques for surgical exposure, as well as fracture reduction and fixation, have evolved from standard facial incisions and wire fixation to complete exposure of the orbits, nasoethmoid complex, and adjacent cranium using an extended bicoronal approach, application of ridged plating techniques, and cranial bone grafts when needed. This evolution of surgical technique has been accompanied by an overall improvement in immediate cosmetic and functional results.
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