Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) is an essential ability in daily life, since it involves remembering to perform an intention. While PM largely develops during childhood and adolescence, its underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. In general, age differences in PM have been found with tasks in which the prospective cues are not part of the ongoing activity (non-focal PM tasks). In the present study, we evaluated the cognitive cost produced by a PM task over the ongoing activity by comparing the performance of a single-task condition with that of an ongoing activity condition involving a prospective intention. Specifically, to determine the impact of cue focality on performance as a function of age, we tested two groups of children (6 and 11 years old) in three experimental conditions: single, focal and non-focal prospective cues. In the single-task condition, children were only asked to perform the ongoing task (to categorize images as animal or non-animal). In the focal condition, in addition to performing the ongoing activity, participants were asked to press different keys whenever the image appearing on the screen was a kite or a ball. In the non-focal condition, children were to press the keys if the color of the frame of the screen changed to magenta or gray. Although reaction times were greater for the non-focal conditions in both age groups, the results showed worse performance on the ongoing activity for both the focal and the non-focal conditions (relative to the single-task condition) in the younger children. This difference was less pronounced in older children so that response times for focal and non-focal cues differed from the single condition, but the difference in performance between focal and single task conditions was not reliable. These findings, which are partly in line with the dual process framework (McDaniel et al., 2015), suggest that while non-focal prospective cues compromise attentional control in younger and older children, focal cues seem to rely on less effortful processes in older children.
Highlights
Prospective memory (PM) is the ability to remember to complete a future intention (Brandimonte et al, 1996)
In a typical PM task, participants are asked to carry out an ongoing task (OT) while remembering to perform a prospective task, The Cost of PM in Children either when they encounter a specific cue embedded within the OT or when a specific time has elapsed (Kvavilashvili et al, 2001)
Prospective recall is a time-based PM task that requires the person to remember to perform an action at a specific time or time interval, and event-based PM tasks involve remembering to perform an intention upon the occurrence of a specific event (McDaniel and Einstein, 2000)
Summary
Prospective memory (PM) is the ability to remember to complete a future intention (Brandimonte et al, 1996). This ability is essential to success in daily life activities, such as remembering to make an important call or take a pill after breakfast. In a typical PM task, participants are asked to carry out an ongoing task (OT) while remembering to perform a prospective task, The Cost of PM in Children either when they encounter a specific cue embedded within the OT or when a specific time has elapsed (Kvavilashvili et al, 2001). The present study focuses on the latter type of PM task and tries to identify age differences in the possible costs associated with maintaining a prospective intention while performing an ongoing task
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