The cosmic pendulum: Kepler‘s laws representing a universal cosmic clock

Abstract

Recent observations of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) seem to show that structure formation and the build-up of planetary systems in the universe already must have started astonishingly enough at a time of 0.1 Gigayears after the Big-Bang. The question thus arises whether these earliest planetary systems did originate under similar conditions as did our solar system about 4.1 Gigayears later? In this article we are looking onto this fundamental problem and show that for the context of the origin of solar systems it very much counts how the Hubble expansion of the universe has developed over cosmic eons. If the cosmic expansion dynamics is too large, no solar systems at all would have been produced, if it would be too small, solar systems would have originated just shortly after the cosmic matter recombination, but not anymore since then. In other words, the Keplerian laws, derivable with the help of Newton‘s gravitational law, would they perhaps reflect the changes in an expanding universe over the cosmic eons? And if yes, - how would they do it? In this article we conclude that in fact Newton‘s pendulum or Kepler‘s planetary revolution periods represent a perfect cosmic clock indicating the actual status of the expanding universe. Only in case, however, that Newton‘s gravitational constant G would vary with the scale R of the universe like G - R, then this clock astonishingly enough would be synchronized for the whole cosmic evolution not serving anymore as a cosmic tracer.