Abstract
As the world’s populations increase and age, there is a parallel increase in the number of medical procedures addressed to bone related injuries. It is estimated that approximately 1 million of orthopaedic implant surgeries in association with total joint replacements are needed every year. This number is expected to double between 1999 and 2025 as a result of increasing numbers of musculoskeletal injuries (i.e., due to routine activities such as work, sport, etc.) and musculoskeletal diseases (i.e., such as osteoporosis, arthritis and bursitis due to increase age). Consequently, the increase demand for better quality of life has necessarily led people to opt for high quality orthopaedic devices for early recovery and speedy resumption of their routine activities. Unfortunately in the present time, it has been found that the current used orthopaedic implants have the tendencies to fail after long period of usage, due to the corrosion issue of implant in the human body. Therefore, this paper provides a simple overview about the corrosion issue of stainless steel (SS) 316L as implants in human body. Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of hydroxypaptite (HA) bioceramic was proposed as the approach to minimize the corrosion phenomena. Additionally, the corrosion testing of HA coated SS 316L in comparison to pristine SS 316L was also performed and discussed.
Highlights
It has been a customary in orthopaedic to employ medical grade stainless steel (SS) 316L as temporary implants since many decades ago [1]
Okazaki and Gotoh (2005) assessed that the replacement of 20 SS Charnley hip arthroplasties in human body after 10 - 13 years resulted in an accumulation of a considerably high metal ions concentration in body fluid in comparison with that without implant [10]; in which Ni contents in blood of ~0.51 μg/L, in plasma of ~0.26 μg/L and in urine of 2.24 μg/L, and Cr level in plasma of ~0.19 μg/L were detected to be higher as compared with the control
open circuit potential (OCP) values measured using the linear polarisation technique is the potential values recorded over a period of time in which no current is applied to the sample
Summary
It has been a customary in orthopaedic to employ medical grade stainless steel (SS) 316L as temporary implants since many decades ago [1]. Okazaki and Gotoh (2005) assessed that the replacement of 20 SS Charnley hip arthroplasties in human body after 10 - 13 years resulted in an accumulation of a considerably high metal ions concentration in body fluid in comparison with that without implant [10]; in which Ni contents in blood of ~0.51 μg/L, in plasma of ~0.26 μg/L and in urine of 2.24 μg/L, and Cr level in plasma of ~0.19 μg/L were detected to be higher as compared with the control These degradation products of corrosion can result in inflammatory response locally and systemically [11,12]. HA coating provides protection on SS to prevent corrosion by acting as a barrier against the release of metal ions into highly corrosive biological environment In both industry and academia, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) has received a great deal of attention as a promising predominant surface modification technique for the processing of advanced ceramic materials using the electrophoresis concept [35,36,37,38]. The corrosion behaviour of the developed HA coated SS 316L samples by EPD has been preliminary characterized by using electrochemical techniques under simulated physiological human condition to monitor its corrosion potential in comparison to pristine SS 316L
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