Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between next-generation sequencing (NGS) genotypic profiles and conventional clinicopathologic characteristics in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with NPM1 mutation (NPM1mut). We selected 238 NPM1mut patients with available NGS information on 112 genes related to blood diseases using the χ2 and Mann-Whitney U tests and a multivariable logistic model to analyze the correlation between genomic alterations and clinicopathologic parameters. Compared with the NPM1mut/FLT3-ITD(−) group, the NPM1mut/FLT3-ITD(+) group presented borderline frequent M5 morphology [78/143 (54.5%) vs. 64/95 (67.4%); P = 0.048], higher CD34- and CD7-positive rates (CD34: 20.6% vs. 47.9%, P < 0.001; CD7: 29.9% vs. 61.5%, P < 0.001) and a lack of favorable−/adverse-risk karyotypes (6.4% vs. 0%; P = 0.031). In the entire NPM1mut cohort, 240 NPM1 mutants were identified, of which 10 (10/240, 4.2%) were missense types. When confining the analysis to the 205 cases with NPM1mut insertions/deletions-type and normal karyotype, multivariable logistic analysis showed that FLT3-ITD was positively correlated with CD34 and CD7 expressions (OR = 5.29 [95% CI 2.64–10.60], P < 0.001; OR = 3.47 [95% CI 1.79–6.73], P < 0.001, respectively). Ras-pathway mutations were positively correlated with HLA-DR expression (OR = 4.05 [95% CI 1.70–9.63], P = 0.002), and KRAS mutations were negatively correlated with MPO expression (OR = 0.18 [95% CI 0.05–0.62], P = 0.007). DNMT3A-R882 was positively correlated with CD7 and HLA-DR expressions (OR = 3.59 [95% CI 1.80–7.16], P < 0.001; OR = 13.41 [95% CI 4.56–39.45], P < 0.001, respectively). DNMT3A mutation was negatively correlated with MPO expression (OR = 0.35 [95% CI 1.48–8.38], P = 0.004). TET2/IDH1 mutations were negatively correlated with CD34 and CD7 expressions (OR = 0.26 [95% CI 0.11–0.62], P = 0.002; OR = 0.30 [95% CI 0.14–0.62], P = 0.001, respectively) and positively correlated with MPO expression (OR = 3.52 [95% CI 1.48–8.38], P = 0.004). In conclusion, NPM1mut coexisting mutations in signaling pathways (FLT3-ITD and Ras-signaling pathways) and methylation modifiers (DNMT3A and TET2/IDH1) are linked with the expressions of CD34, CD7, HLA-DR and MPO, thereby providing a mechanistic explanation for the immunophenotypic heterogeneity of this AML entity.
Highlights
The human NPM1 gene, located on chromosome 5q35.1 and containing 12 exons, encodes a nucleolar phosphoprotein that possesses multiple functions, including chromatin remodeling, ribosome biogenesis, genomic stability, and regulation of tumor suppressors and transcription factors [1,2,3]
The expression incidence of CD34 and CD7 in the NPM1 mutation (NPM1mut)/FLT3-ITD(+) group was higher than that in the NPM1mut/FLT3-ITD(−) group As per the literature [33], leukemic blasts at the initial diagnosis could be divided into leukemic myeloid blasts and leukemic immature monocyte populations, with the latter detected in approximately 50% of cases and mostly in the M4 or M5 morphologic subtypes
Leukemic myeloid blasts recurred when acute myeloid leukemia (AML) relapsed, while leukemic immature monocyte populations often disappeared, indicating that leukemic myeloid blasts may enrich more Leukemic stem cells (LSCs), which serve as a source of disease relapse
Summary
The human NPM1 gene, located on chromosome 5q35.1 and containing 12 exons, encodes a nucleolar phosphoprotein that possesses multiple functions, including chromatin remodeling, ribosome biogenesis, genomic stability, and regulation of tumor suppressors and transcription factors [1,2,3]. Given its important role in biological significance, the functional category of NPM1 belongs to a separate category according to The Cancer. NPM1 gene abnormalities are involved in fusion [5], deletion [2] and mutation, among which the mutation is the most largely studied. The incidence of NPM1 mutation (NPM1mut) accounts for approximately one-third of the cases of de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and up to ~ 50% of normal karyotype (NK) AML [6, 7]. Its French-American-British (FAB) morphologies commonly have monocytic differentiation (M4 or M5) [8, 9]
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