Abstract
In 1955, the bull’s head, the most famous copper-based artifact in Bahrain, and a popular symbol of Dilmun culture, was discovered. Despite its importance, its popularity in Bahrain and the interest it generated, very little is known about its metallurgical background, chemical composition and alloy. A sample collected from the inner side of the bull’s head was examined by Energy Dispersive XRF (EDXRF) along with eight copper fragments from broken tools and objects for comparison. SEM micro-mapping was conducted on the bull’s head to support the EDXRF findings. The analyses revealed that the bull’s head is chemically compatible with Omani copper, and was cast with a mixture of newly-refined copper ore and recycled metal.
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