The conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug sulindac sulfide arrests ovarian cancer cell growth via the expression of NAG-1/MIC-1/GDF-15

Abstract

Although the chemopreventive and antitumorigenic activities of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) against colorectal cancer are well established, the molecular mechanisms responsible for these properties in ovarian cancer have not been elucidated. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop mechanism-based approaches for the management of ovarian cancer. To this end, the effect of several NSAIDs on ovarian cancer cells was investigated as assessed by the induction of NAG-1/MIC-1/GDF-15, a proapoptotic gene belonging to the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. Sulindac sulfide was the most significant NSAID activated gene 1 (NAG-1) inducer and its expression was inversely associated with cell viability as determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium assay. This growth suppression by sulindac sulfide was recovered by transfection of NAG-1 small interfering RNA. These results indicate that NAG-1 is one of the genes responsible for growth suppression by sulindac sulfide. Furthermore, we observed down-regulation of p21 WAF1/CIP1 by introduction of NAG-1 small interfering RNA into sulindac sulfide-treated cells. In addition, to elucidate other potential molecular mechanisms involved in sulindac sulfide treatment of ovarian cancer cells, we did a membrane-based microarray experiment. We found that cyclin D1, MMP-1, PI3KR1, and uPA were down-regulated by sulindac sulfide. In conclusion, a novel molecular mechanism is proposed to explain the experimental results and provide a rationale for the chemopreventive activity of NSAIDs in ovarian cancer.