Abstract
We studied the hormonal mediation of the satiating effect of protein by a randomized, double‐blind, crossover meal‐test study testing three similar meals with varying protein content. Twentyfive men (BMI: 25.9 kg/m2) were exposed to isocaloric meals with fixed 30E% fat and protein adjusted at the expense of carbohydrate: normal (NP) = 14 E%; medium‐high (MHP) = 25 E% (MHP); high (HP) = 50 E% protein. Protein increased satiety and fullness dose‐dependently compared to NP: 7 and 6% greater for MHP, 16 and 19% greater for HP (P<0.001) respectively. Protein also increased GLP‐1 dose‐dependently: 10% for MHP (3.4±2.4, P=0.02), 20% for HP (6.9±2.4, P<0.0001); PYY by 7% for MHP (P=0.0002) and by 14% for HP (P<0.0001). Glucagon was increased by 47% (P<0.0001) for MHP and by 116% (P<0.0001) for HP. HP increased insulin and CCK, and decreased ghrelin and GIP, compared to NP (P<0.05). There was an interaction between GLP‐1 and PYY 3–36 (P=0.03) as a determinant of satiety, besides the additive effect of GLP‐1 (P=0.006) on composite appetite score. We conclude that protein dose‐dependently increases satiety and that postprandial changes in circulating GLP‐1, PYY and glucagon are partly responsible for the appetite suppressant effect of protein.Supported by grant from Danish Agricultural and Food Council
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