Abstract
The effects of conventional and organic farming system on some quality parameters of grains were studied in winter and spring common wheat, spelt wheat and proso millet. Under organic farming conditions, spelt wheat was characterized by the most favorable grain chemical composition (essential amino acids index [EAAI] 85.3, o-dihydroxyphenol 2.00 g kg-1, nitrogen [N] 23.5 g kg-1, magnesium [Mg] 705, zinc [Zn] 32.9 mg kg-1), followed by millet (total dietary fiber [TDF] 185.3 g kg-1, Mg 904, copper [Cu] 6.27, iron [Fe] 57.0 mg kg-1). The above-mentioned cereals also showed a satisfactory yield level under the organic system (spelt wheat 2.69, proso millet 1.42 t ha-1). Both in winter and spring common wheat organic farming led a significant reduction in productivity, but the content of chemical components in grain (dihydroxyphenols—spring wheat 1.68 g kg-1, winter wheat 1.74 g kg-1; selenium [Se]—spring wheat 53.4 mg kg-1, winter wheat 40.5 mg kg-1; some amino acids—spring wheat valine [Val] 5.11, methionine [Met] 2.09, tryptophan [Trp] 0.40 g kg-1, winter wheat glutamate [Glu] 41.9, proline [Pro] 15.3, glysine [Gly] 5.24, arginine [Arg] 5.04, [Trp] 0.97 g kg-1) was more favorable compared to the conventional system. The present study showed that the organic farming system does not result in reduced productivity neither in spelt wheat or proso millet, but contributes to an improvement in their grain quality parameters. On the other hand, common wheat performed better under the conventional system.
Highlights
Cereal crops provide raw material for the production of many food products and the grains of cereals are the main source of carbohydrates, proteins, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, phenolics, inulin, sterols, etc. (Duthie et al 2000, Fan et al 2008, Ciołek et al 2012, Shahidi and Chandrasekara 2013)
No clear differences were found in the determined soil quality characteristics (P, K, Mg, % humus) between the individual cereal species, both under conventional and organic farming
In the opinion of Katkat et al (2009), humic acids increase seed germination power, seedling growth, root mass formation, stem development, and the uptake of macroand micronutrients from the soil. This fact could have had an indirect positive effect on the more favorable nutritional composition of grain of the studied cereals compared to the treatments with NPK mineral fertilization
Summary
Cereal crops provide raw material for the production of many food products and the grains of cereals are the main source of carbohydrates, proteins, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, phenolics, inulin, sterols, etc. (Duthie et al 2000, Fan et al 2008, Ciołek et al 2012, Shahidi and Chandrasekara 2013). Protein in spelt grain shows very high digestibility, at a level of 80–85% and compared to common wheat spelt grain it has more gluten (by 8%) and oil (by 30%) (Ruibal-Mendieta et al 2004, Tyburski and Żuk-Gołaszewska 2005). Proso millet grain contains: 1–3% of oil, 70–83% of starch, 10.8–12.5% of protein, 11.0–12.5 % of dietary fiber, and. Spelt wheat or proso millet are known to have healthpromoting properties (Piironen et al 2002). Spelt wheat contains phytosterols which depresses the blood cholesterol concentration and it has a beneficial effect on the digestive system and stabilizes the nervous system functions (Piironen et al 2002). Proso millet is recommended in gluten-free diet and for persons suffering from coeliac disease. In traditional Chinese medicine, tumors —even at an advanced stage—
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