Abstract
We describe and implement a text‐search strategy for reliably identifying, among published presidential documents, orders not titled “executive order” or “proclamation.” Given the inconsistent use of terms and titles in these documents, we refer to them with an umbrella term: “memo orders.” We identify over 1,600 memo orders in the archives of the American Presidency Project (APP) from 1977 to 2012. Drawing on the Federal Register for the same period, we find additional orders not in the APP archives. This produces a comprehensive estimate of the total number of published presidential orders from 1977 to 2012. We further apply our strategy to presidential signing statements from 1985 to 2008 and estimate that around 10% can be considered to include presidential orders.
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