Abstract
Rural Java areas underwent significant changes during the last 20 years due to increasing education and health level and improving transportation and communication infrastructure, but researches on agricultural transformation, especially rice farming in Java, was limited. This study aimed at understanding the structure of land ownership and tenure, and the changing of land tenure institutional system in wetland farming, in its relation to the contemporary demographic change in the Javanese rural areas. The research was conducted in Kauman Village, Klaten Regency, Central Java. There were 307 farmer households in the village. The samples of 52 farmer households were taken randomly. Data collection used questionnaires and in-depth interviews with 52 respondents and 6 key informants. The analysis was carried out by comparing the data before the green revolution and 2016 data. The results of the study were as follows. Firstly, the number of landless farmers was very large (60 percent). Despite the green revolution, the proportion of this group had been already high before the green revolution program was intensified. Secondly, the level of land ownership disparity was moderate and tended toward equity due to the continuity of land ownership fragmentation through land inheritance processes, and no land ownership concentration occurred on the basis of agricultural land purchase. Thirdly, the level of inequality of land tenure was moderate and even close to low, and tended toward equity as the number of land tenants was much greater than the land owners. Fourthly, the bargaining position of the land tenants tended to be stronger than the land owners due to the declining attraction of agricultural work as a source of employment.
Highlights
Humans make mistakes because they are forced, by their psyche, to consider many options while making decisions
Microsoft Excel is used for data cleansing and removal of outliers and SPSS is used for demographics Javed et al (2014)
Descriptive statistics are shown in table 01 below. 21.2% (n=88) of our respondents lie within the range of 18 to years, 28.8% (n=120) are within the range of to years, 38.5% (n=160) are in to 45 years of age and 11.5% (n=48) are above 45 years of age. 59.6% (n=248) male and 40.4% (n=168) are female respondents
Summary
Humans make mistakes because they are forced, by their psyche, to consider many options while making decisions. Choosing an option can lead to benefit or loss, satisfaction or regret, whether that option is considered perfect at the time or not. Sometimes people make financial decisions such as spending in profit making stocks or spending money very consciously where it’s needed but sometimes those decisions lead to loss. But not all the time, bad financial decisions whether in saving or investing. Due to online available contents, a smartphone which has the ability to restrict someone from financial mistakes, the risk of impulsive decision-making behavior can be controlled (Farooq, 2018; Kumar, 2018; Meyer, 2018; Varadarajan, 2018). Marshmallow Theory suggests that better selfcontrol leads to better well-being and bright future (Angeles and Uni, 1972)
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