Abstract
The paper provides the analysis of fuel and energy transition in households sector and its sustainable development in the period 2004–2019. The main purpose of the paper is to determine the development trends in the use of renewable energy sources (RES) in the EU countries household sector in 2004–2019, to recognize the state of development and functioning of the studied area as well as to indicate their successes and shortcomings in observed reality. The article employs the results of Energy balance sheets from Eurostat. The research entity were households from 28 European Union countries, with particular emphasis on households from Poland and selected neighboring countries. The research subjects there were different sources of renewable energy used by households, i.e., solar thermal system, geothermal technologies, primary solid biofuels, charcoal, biogases, blended biogasoline, blended biodiesels, ambient heat (heat pumps). To achieve the research objective a number of statistical measures ands methods, including cluster analysis and linear trend indicator applied. In the analyzed 16 years, an absolute and relative increase in the use of RES in the household sector was noticed. Taking into account the specificity of using RES in households, 6 clusters of countries were distinguished. In Poland, it was noted that there was a significant increase in the use of RES in households, with stagnation in the use of non-renewable energy sources, such as, for example, hard coal.
Highlights
For several decades, strong processes of globalization of economies, intensive interconnections between countries have influenced the interaction between consumption patterns [1,2]
The aim of this section is to analyze the changes in the use of renewable energy sources in European Union (EU)-28 households between 2004 and 2019
The household sector is an important contributor to overall energy consumption in the economy and should be actively involved in measures to improve environmental quality
Summary
Strong processes of globalization of economies, intensive interconnections between countries have influenced the interaction between consumption patterns [1,2]. It seems clear that as fossil fuel resources are depleted, greater use of renewable energy sources (RES) will become necessary. In the last decades of the 20th century, the cost of household investment in renewable energy sources was extremely high and, out of reach for many consumers. Renewable energy sources are the basis for sustainable economic development. Between 2004 and 2019, in the EU-28 countries, the usage of renewable energy sources by all sectors of the economy in final energy consumption increased from 5.1% in 2004 to 10.2%
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