Abstract
BackgroundBladder cancer (BLCA) is the 11th most common malignancy worldwide. Although significant improvements have been made in screening, diagnosis, and precise management in recent years, the prognosis of BLCA remains bleak.ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and construct ceRNA networks in BLCA patients.MethodsThe expression data of BLCA patients were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. A competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was constructed to identify the hub genes involved in the prognosis of BLCA. The CIBERSORT algorithm was utilized to investigate the infiltration levels of 22 subsets of immune cells. Ultimately, the nomogram was generated to visualize the survival probability of each patient, with the calibration curve being performed to assess its performance. Furthermore, the Pearson correlation test was used to explore the correlation between the identified hub genes in the ceRNA network and the prognostic-related immune cells.ResultsA total of eight elements in the ceRNA network were considered as key members and correlated with the prognosis of BLCA, including ELN, SREBF1, DSC2, TTLL7, DIP2C, SATB1, hsa-miR-20a-5p, and hsa-miR-29c-3p. T cells CD8, T cells follicular helper (Tfh), and neutrophils were identified as independent prognostic factors in BLCA. The co-expression analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between the identified hub genes and immune cells.ConclusionOur results suggest that the mechanism of hsa-miR-29c-3p regulates the expression of ELN and DSC2, and the infiltration of Tfh and neutrophils might play pivotal roles in the progression of BLCA.
Highlights
Bladder cancer (BLCA) is the 11th most common malignancy worldwide (Babjuk et al, 2017)
We constructed the ceRNA network, which was composed of 7 lncRNAs, 15 miRNAs, and 110 mRNAs based on the interactions of 15 lncRNA-miRNA pairs and 154 miRNA-mRNA pairs (Figure 2 and Supplementary Table 2)
It showed that a total of 38 genes were significantly associated with the prognosis of BLCA, and we presented the Kaplan–Meier survival curves of the former 16 genes according to the rank of P-value (Figure 3)
Summary
Bladder cancer (BLCA) is the 11th most common malignancy worldwide (Babjuk et al, 2017). It is reported that approximately 900,000 new cases of BLCA are diagnosed each year, and the mortality of BLCA is staggering at 20% (Klotz and Brausi, 2015). The global BLCA age- and death- standardized incidence rates per 100,000 have been reported 6.71 and 2.96, respectively (Babjuk et al, 2017). 75% of UCC patients are classified as non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), whereas the rest are muscle-invasive or metastatic disease. BLCA is a very significant public health problem, and it has a significant impact on mortality, quality of life, and economic cost (Klotz and Brausi, 2015). Bladder cancer (BLCA) is the 11th most common malignancy worldwide. Significant improvements have been made in screening, diagnosis, and precise management in recent years, the prognosis of BLCA remains bleak
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