The constraints of public diplomacy: Don Alonso de Cárdenas in London, 1638–1655

Abstract

ABSTRACT This article analyses how Don Alonso de Cárdenas, the Spanish crown’s chief representative in London from 1638 until 1655, engaged in public diplomacy and print during the English Civil Wars and Interregnum. It demonstrates that in almost all instances, the numerous printed works associated with the ambassador during the period examined were the products of a press culture driven by conflicts between Royalist and Parliamentarian factions. Rather than actively engaging in printing to promote his embassy and goals, Cárdenas strived to use more conventional forms of public diplomacy, making oblique use of printed media on but a few occasions. This article concludes that he was constrained on both fronts by the local political situation, English sensitivities concerning Spain, and a hostile, competitive press community. It sheds light on some essential preconditions for a successful and active early modern public diplomacy.