Abstract
URING the reign of Charles IX (1560-74), the courts of France and Spain were profoundly distrustful of each other. The Spanish monarch, Philip II, was vitally concerned with the details of the politics of western Europe and viewed with alarm the progress of heresy in France and the failure of the government to suppress it. France, he realized, was a wedge between Spain and her valuable provinces of the Low Countries; any violent religious changes in the realm of Charles IX could not fail to have an unfavorable reaction upon the status quo in the Netherlands. Heretics in the border provinces of Hainault and Artois were sympathetic with the activities of their French and German brethren,1 and this borderland region became the outpost of Huguenots and banished Flemings.2 The press teemed with heretical publications,
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