Abstract
The article is devoted to the analysis of changes that have taken place in the regulation of cross-border contractual relations with the participation of consumers in connection with the development of information and telecommunication technologies and e-commerce. The author examines the concept of «transnational online contract» and the influence of a «digital element» on the characteristics of contractual relations. Also, the paper provides for the classification of online contracts with due regard to: 1) the subject matter of the online contract; 2) characteristics of the parties involved in the online contractual relationship; 3) the process of concluding and executing the online contract.Attention is drawn to the fact that new methods of conclusion of contracts has predetermined the emergence of new approaches to qualification of certain aspects of contractual relations between the parties, in particular, it concerns determining the moment of contract conclusion, distinguishing between offer and invitation to offer in online interaction, assessing the validity of online contracts and dispute resolution mechanisms online.The article analyzes the impact of globalization of trade on consumer markets, mechanisms of regulation of transnational consumer relations in the context of e-commerce. It is noted that globalization of trade has pointed to the need to develop a transnational approach to the regulation of e-commerce, to unify and harmonize relevant legal instruments. The author examines the steps taken in this direction within the framework of UNCITRAL, the EU, by the representatives of American business. It is concluded that the US policy concerning consumer protection is aimed at implementation of economic interests of business, which promotes competition and commercial prosperity in the market, but at the same time puts consumers at risk when concluding online contracts. This approach runs counter to the EU policies that promote implementation of social regulation in order to maximize consumer protection.The authors consider Lex mercatoria as a separate source of transnational consumer law.
Highlights
The article is devoted to the analysis of changes that have taken place in the regulation of cross-border contractual relations with the participation of consumers in connection with the development of information and telecommunication technologies and e-commerce
The paper provides for the classification of online contracts with due regard to: 1) the subject matter of the online contract; 2) characteristics of the parties involved in the online contractual relationship; 3) the process of concluding and executing the online contract
Attention is drawn to the fact that new methods of conclusion of contracts has predetermined the emergence of new approaches to qualification of certain aspects of contractual relations between the parties, in particular, it
Summary
Несмотря на то что регулирование транснацио нальных сделок, совершенных в электронной информационной среде, имеет ряд особенностей, онлайн-контракты едва ли можно считать исключением из традиционной системы договорного права[4], которое всегда стремилось игнорировать средства, с помощью которых достигается соглашение между сторонами до тех пор, пока это соответствует воле контрагентов[5]. Если подходить технологически нейтрально к определению онлайн-контрактов, то это те безбумажные соглашения, которые заключаются мгновенно с помощью технических средств связи без физического присутствия сторон и фактически без возможности для одной из сторон договориться об условиях контракта. A. Consent in Online Contracts: Old Wines in New Bottles // Computer and Technology Law Review. Когда условия договора доступны для ознакомления по ссылке на веб-сайте, но от пользователя не требуется выражать согласие с его условиями в явной форме, подпадает под понятие browse-wrap agreement[19]. Новые способы заключения договоров предопределили и появление новых подходов к квалификации отдельных аспектов договорных отношений сторон, в частности, это касается определения момента заключения договора, проведения различий между офертой и приглашением к оферте в условиях онлайнвзаимодействия, оценки действительности онлайн-контрактов и механизмов разрешения споров онлайн. Сказанное свидетельствует о выделении трансграничной электронной коммерции в особый институт, сочетающий в себе признаки традиционного регулирования контрактных обязательств и специфику цифровизации договорных отношений
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