Abstract
Carbonate concretions are formed at the base of a sequence of hydrothermal clay in the South Kambalnyi Central Thermal Field situated in the southern part of the Kambalnyi volcanic mountain range, Kamchatka. The concretions have complex chemical and mineral compositions: apart from aragonite which is the main component of each layer, the chemical compounds identified there include oxides of iron and silicon, sulfates of calcium and barium, sulfides of iron and other metals, carbonates of iron and manganese, siliceous ferromanganese formations, nitrogen compounds, and phosphates of calcium and rare metals. The concretions have diverse structures and textures that indicate a multiphase character of formation for these mineral aggregates. It is thought that their formation was due to the discharge of deep-seated alkaline metalliferous solutions in a zone of rock argillization of the South Kambalnyi Central Thermal Field.
Highlights
Concretions or concretions are understood to be mineral bodies that are formed by material concentrating around rock fragments, organic remains, or other nucleii, and by successive growth of layers from center to periphery of a mineral aggregate
General geological, mineralogical, and hydrogeochemical data to hypothesize that there is discharge of ascending mineralized alkaline thermal waters that are saturated with carbon dioxide and sulfur-bearing gases in the South Kambalnyi Central Thermal Field (Rychagov et al, 2020a, 2020b; Struktura ..., 1993; Feofilaktov et al, 2020)
We believe that the concretions make a definite horizon at the base of the clay mass in this area of the South Kambalnyi Central Thermal Field (SKC)
Summary
Concretions or concretions (from the Latin concretio meaning condensing, congealing) are understood to be mineral bodies that are formed by material concentrating around rock fragments, organic remains, or other nucleii, and by successive growth of layers (zones) from center to periphery of a mineral aggregate. The concretions have different: 1) origin (diagenetic, epigenetic, metamorphic, metasomatic, sedimentary-hydrothermal, and hydrothermal); 2) composition (carbonate, siliceous, phosphoritic, baritic, sideritic, ferromanganese etc.); 3) texture (simple, composite, dense homogeneous, or bedded); 4) shape (globular, flattened, lenticular, columnar, conical etc.) (Atlas ..., 1969, 1988; Baturin, 1996; Vetoshkina, 2006; Gorbunova, 1958; Danilov, 1971; Zhelezo-margantsevye ..., 1986; Saltykov, 2008; Skiba, 1963; Sletov, 1977; Dietzel, 2000; Froelich et al, 1982) All of these provide evidence of a wide occurrence of concretions, which are indicators of the conditions of generation, alteration, and disintegration of rocks, sediments, and even soils. They can still supply rich information on the composition and conditions of discharge for metalliferous solutions, phases of mineral generation, and the evolution of the entire geothermal system (Rychagov et al, 2020b)
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