Abstract
In recent years, the Fe-Mn nodules of different genesis have been intensely studied using synchrotron X-ray microscopy, which permits analyzing undisturbed samples. Three types of analysis are performed at once in this case, i.e., microfluorescence and microdiffraction analyses and a detailed analysis of the fine structure of the absorption spectra. This permits researchers to determine the dispersal of elements, to identify the minerals-carriers in soils, and to reveal the mechanism of heavy metal fixation on a molecular scale using the same experimental device. It is found that heavy metals in nodules are subdivided into siderophilic (As and Cr) and manganophilic (Pb, Co, Cu, and Cd) elements. Zinc is fixed predominantly by phyllosilicates. Nickel is fixed by Mn-oxides in some nodules and by Fe-hydroxides in others. Nodules with a complicated structure are formed in many soils. Their stability is ensured by the relatively stable goethite contained in the ferruginated envelope of the nodules, whereas unstable minerals (feroxyhyte, vernadite, and birnessite) are concentrated in the ferromanganic nuclei of the nodules.
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