The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the hornwort Phaeoceros laevis: retention of many ancient pseudogenes and conservative evolution of mitochondrial genomes in hornworts

Abstract

Plants have large and complex mitochondrial genomes in comparison to other eukaryotes. In bryophytes, the mitochondrial genomes exhibit a mixed mode of conservative and dynamic evolution. Here, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome from hornwort Phaeoceros laevis, to investigate the level of conservation in mitochondrial genome evolution within hornworts. The circular molecule consists of 209,482 base pairs and represents the largest known mitochondrial genome of bryophytes. It contains 30 protein genes, 3 rRNA genes, and 21 tRNA genes, with 34 cis-spliced group II introns disrupting 16 protein genes. There are 11 pseudogenes in this genome, and nine of them are shared with the other fully sequenced hornwort chondriome from Megaceros aenigmaticus, a distant relative of P. laevis. These pseudogenes were likely formed during an early stage of hornwort evolution. The two hornwort chondriomes differ by four inversions and translocations, seven genes, and four introns in the genome structure and organization. At the sequence level, they are very similar, with the identity values ranging mostly from 80 to 95% in intergenic spacers, introns, and exons. These data indicate that mitochondrial genome evolution in hornworts is less conservative than in liverworts, but has not reached the dynamic level as seen in seed plants.