Abstract
Pentatoma rufipes (Linnaeus, 1758) is an important agroforestry pest widely distributed in the Palaearctic region. In this study, we sequence and annotate the complete mitochondrial genome of P. rufipes and reconstruct the phylogenetic trees for Pentatomoidea using existing data for eight families published in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. The mitogenome of P. rufipes is 15,887-bp-long, comprising 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and a control region, with an A+T content of 77.7%. The genome structure, gene order, nucleotide composition, and codon usage of the mitogenome of P. rufipes were consistent with those of typical Hemiptera insects. Among the protein-coding genes of Pentatomoidea, the evolutionary rate of ATP8 was the fastest, and COX1 was found to be the most conservative gene in the superfamily. Substitution saturation assessment indicated that neither transition nor transversion substitutions were saturated in the analyzed datasets. Phylogenetic analysis using the Bayesian inference method showed that P. rufipes belonged to Pentatomidae. The node support values based on the dataset concatenated from protein-coding and RNA genes were the highest. Our results enrich the mitochondrial genome database of Pentatomoidea and provide a reference for further studies of phylogenetic systematics.
Highlights
The mitochondrion is a semi-autonomous organelle with its own genetic material, known as the mitochondrial genome (Nass and Nass 1963)
(N-strand), including four protein-coding genes (PCGs) (ND5, ND4, ND4L, and ND1), eight transfer RNA (tRNA) genes (trnQ, trnC, trnY, trnF, trnH, trnP, trnL1(CUN), and trnV), and two rRNA genes (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes), whereas the remaining 23 genes are encoded on the majority strand (J-strand)
The base composition of the entire sequence is in the order of A(42.0%)>T( 35.7%)>C(12.4%)>G(9.9%), with a bias toward A + T. This bias was observed in all genetic elements, with an A + T content of 77.1% in PCGs, 77.7% in tRNAs, 79.8% in rRNAs, and 78.7% in the control region
Summary
The mitochondrion is a semi-autonomous organelle with its own genetic material, known as the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) (Nass and Nass 1963). The mitogenome is widely used in the fields of molecular evolution, phylogenetic analysis, molecular ecology, biogeography, and population genetics because of its advantages of small size, stable genetic composition, and maternal inheritance (Ballard and Whitlock 2004; Simon and Hadrys 2013; Cameron 2014; Yuan and Guo 2016). As the most diverse, numerous, and widely distributed animals on Earth, are hotspots in mitogenome research (Boore 1999). The structure of mitogenome in most known insects is stable, and the gene arrangement is relatively conservative, which are consistent with the genome composition and arrangement of the most typical insect mitochondrial genome, namely Drosophila yakuba Burla (Clary and Wolstenholme 1985)
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