Abstract
We report the complete chloroplast genomes of three Adenophora species, and analyzed these compared them to five published Campanuloid plastomes. The total genome length of Adenophora divaricata, Adenophora erecta, and Adenophora stricta ranged from 159,759 to 176,331 bp. Among the eight Campanuloid species, many inversions were found to be only in the LSC region. IR contraction was also identified in the plastid genome of Adenophora stricta. Phylogenetic analyses based on 76 protein coding genes showed that Campanuloids are monophyletic, and are composed of two major groups: Campanula s. str. and Rapunculus. When we compared each homologous locus among the four Adenophora species, ten regions showed high nucleotide divergence value (>0.03). Among these, nine loci, excepting ycf3-rpoB, are considered to be useful molecular markers for phylogenetic studies and will be helpful to resolve phylogenetic relationships of Adenophora.
Highlights
Campanulaceae s. str. consists of approximately 1,046 species that are primarily distributed in temperate regions [1,2,3,4]
This family was divided into three groups, including Platycodonoids, Wahlenbergioids, and Campanuloids based on the capsule morphology [5], which was strongly supported by molecular phylogenetic studies based on nuclear ribosomal ITS and three chloroplast DNA markers [4, 6,7]
The genome is composed of an large single copy (LSC) region (105,861–113,353 bp), small single copy (SSC) region (8,648–27,238 bp), and two inverted repeat (IR) copies (10,100–28,098 bp)
Summary
Campanulaceae s. str. consists of approximately 1,046 species that are primarily distributed in temperate regions [1,2,3,4]. The genus Adenophora, which belong to Campanuloids, is a perennial herbaceous plant with approximately 50–100 species that are distributed in temperate regions in Asia and Europe. This genus was first described by Fischer [8], and a classification system was established based on various studies [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17] according to morphological characteristics, such as the phyllotaxy, presence or absence of petioles, shape of the calyx, and length of the disk.
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