The complete chloroplast genome sequence of yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and its phylogenetic relationship to other Brassicaceae species

Abstract

As a member of the large Brassicaceae family, yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) has been used as an important gene pool for the genetic improvement of cash crops in Brassicaceae. Understanding the phylogenetic relationship between Sinapis alba (S. alba) and other Brassicaceae crops can provide guidance on the introgression of its favorable alleles into related species. The chloroplast (cp) genome is an ideal model for assessing genome evolution and the phylogenetic relationships of complex angiosperm families. Herein, we de novo assembled the complete cp genome of S. alba by integrating the PacBio and Illumina sequencing platforms. A 153,760 bp quadripartite cycle without any gap was obtained, including a pair of inverted repeats (IRa and IRb) of 26,221 bp, separated by a large single copy (LSC) region of 83,506 bp and a small single copy (SSC) region of 17,821 bp. A total of 78 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes were identified in this cp genome, as were 89 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci of 18 types. The codon usage analysis revealed a preferential use of the Leu codon with the A/U ending. The phylogenetic analysis using 82 Brassicaceae species demonstrated that S. alba had a close relationship with important Brassica and Raphanus species; moreover, it likely originated from a separate evolutionary pathway compared with the congeneric Sinapis arvensis. The synonymous (Ks) and non-synonymous (Ks) substitution rate analysis showed that genes encoding “Subunits of cytochrome b/f complex” were under the lowest purifying selection pressure, whereas those associated with “Maturase”, “Subunit of acetyl-CoA”, and “Subunits of NADH-dehydrogenase” underwent relatively higher purifying selection pressures. Our results provide valuable information for fully utilizing the S. alba cp genome as a potential genetic resource for the genetic improvement of Brassica and Raphanus species.