Abstract
Papaver setigerum is an annual herb that is closely related to the opium poppy, P. somniferum. Genetic resources for P. setigerum are scarce. In the present study, we assembled the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of P. setigerum based on genome skimming data, and we conducted comparative cp genome analyses to study the evolutionary pattern in Papaveraceae. The cp genome of P. setigerum is 152,862 bp in length with a typical quadripartite structure. Comparative analyses revealed no gene rearrangement in the Papaveraceae family, although differences were evident in genome size, gene losses, as well as inverted repeats (IR) region expansion and contraction. The rps15 gene has been lost from the genomes of Meconopsis racemosa, Coreanomecon hylomeconoides, P. orientale, P. somniferum, and P. setigerum, and the ycf15 gene is found only in C. hylomeconoides. Moreover, 13 cpDNA markers, including psbA-trnH, rps16-trnQ, trnS-trnG, trnC-petN, trnE-trnT, trnL-trnF, trnF-ndhJ, petA-psbJ, ndhF-rpl32, rpl32-trnL, ccsA-ndhD, ndhE-ndhG, and rps15-ycf1, were identified with relatively high levels of variation within Papaver, which will be useful for species identification in this genus. Among those markers, psbA-trnH is the best one to distinguish P. somniferum and P. setigerum.
Highlights
Papaver setigerum DC., an annual herb of the poppy family (Kalis, 1979), occurs in the Mediterranean region, especially in southwestern Europe (Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Greece) and North Africa (Pignatti, 1982)
The complete cp genomes of P. setigerum assembled from two different assembly strategies were identical
The cp genome size was 152,862 bp, and had a typical quadripartite structure that was similar to the majority of land plant cp genomes, consisting of an 83,022 bp large single copy region (LSC), a 17,944 bp small single copy region (SSC) and two 25,948 bp inverted repeats
Summary
Papaver setigerum DC., an annual herb of the poppy family (Kalis, 1979), occurs in the Mediterranean region, especially in southwestern Europe (Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Greece) and North Africa (Pignatti, 1982). This plant is closely related to and sometimes treated as a variety or subspecies of opium poppy (P. somniferum L.) due to its similarity in flower-shape, color, fruit, and production of small amounts of morphine alkaloids (La Valva et al, 1985; Osalou et al, 2013). Current studies involving P. setigerum have mostly focused on its chemical composition, largely ignoring its genetic background
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