The Comparative Study of Tool Marks on Non-Ferrous Metalwork from Archaeological Contexts: Methodological Considerations, Case Studies and Experimental Archaeology

Birgit Bühler,Dávid Zsolt Schwarcz

doi:10.24916/iansa.2021.1.5

Birgit Bühler, Dávid Zsolt Schwarcz

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2021.1.5

Copy DOI

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to discuss methodological issues of comparative tool mark studies (with special attention to decorative punched motifs), using a case study on sheet-gold metalwork from the Middle and Late Avar Period (7th–8th centuries AD). The historical interpretation of tool marks on nonferrous metalwork1 can take place at different levels of complexity. In some cases, the identification of products from the same craftsperson is possible, via the identification of specific tools. However, when interpreting the results of comparative tool mark studies, many aspects are relevant, including individual variations in tool usage. In this context, experimental archaeology can facilitate the interpretation of tool marks, as is demonstrated in a preliminary study on two types of punches, which are common on high-quality metalwork from the Avar Period.

Highlights

IntroductionThe framework of technological necessities for creating a particular effect in metalworking is definable
Experimental archaeology can facilitate the interpretation of tool marks, as is demonstrated in a preliminary study on two types of punches, which are common on high-quality metalwork from the Avar Period
In the absence of such typical faults, exact measurements of the dimensions of the tool-marks may assist in identifying a specific tool

Summary

Introduction

The framework of technological necessities for creating a particular effect in metalworking is definable Within this framework, in many cases, the individual metalworker has a number of choices. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the methodology of tool mark studies on gold and silver metalwork from archaeological contexts, to demonstrate potential applications of this. Various types of punches are crucial for techniques aimed at raising and shaping sheet metalwork (for example, repoussé, see chapter 2, above and Bühler, 1998–1999, pp.430433). This experimental study focuses exclusively on the punching techniques applied to the front side of the metal surface, in order to compile decorative repetitive patterns. The pressed motives, even if they derive from the same tool, may vary greatly depending on the following circumstances: 1. The hardness of the metal alloy to be decorated

Objectives

Results

Conclusion