Abstract
Green iron nanoparticles (G-nZVI) were synthesized in situ by adding grape-seed extracts and Fe2+ solution simultaneously. The performances for the removal of Cr(VI) were compared in a homogeneous system by original G-nZVI (in suspension) with in a heterogeneous system by treated G-nZVI. The characterization of TEM, SEM, XRD, FTIR and XPS show that G-nZVI is the formation of Fe°-iron oxide core-shell nanoparticles with organic matters in the extracts as capping/stabilizing agents. The same excellent performances on the removal of Cr(VI) were observed in the both systems and the adsorption capacity was from 78.3 to 166.7 mg (Cr)·g−1 (Fe) with the increase of initial Fe2+ concentrations. The pseudo second-order model described the adsorption process excellently and both pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order models fit the reduction process well. It illustrated that the reaction included prompt adsorption and simultaneous redox process. Moreover, the results of thermodynamics study (ΔG° < 0, ΔH° > 0, ΔS° > 0) revealed that the adsorption was a spontaneous and endothermic process. It is obvious that the systhesis of original G-nZVI in the homogeneous system is more simple, rapid, cost-effective and suitable for in situ uses. It holds a great potential for remediation of soil and water.
Highlights
Green iron nanoparticles (G-Nano-scale zero-valent iron (nZVI)) were synthesized in situ by adding grape-seed extracts and Fe2+ solution simultaneously
Www.nature.com/scientificreports the tree leaf extracts and Fe3+ solution simultaneously to ibuprofen-containing aqueous solutions, ibuprofen in the homogeneous system were degraded by the produced green nZVI
The objectives of this study were: 1) preparing two types of G-nZVI by grape-seed extracts to use in the homogeneous and heterogeneous systems respectively; 2) characterizing G-nZVI used in the two systems in terms of size, morphology, composition and structure; 3) evaluating and comparing reactivity of G-nZVI in the two systems based on the removal of Cr(VI); 4) investigating the corresponding kinetics and thermodynamics of Cr(VI) removal process and proposing the possible removal mechanism
Summary
Green iron nanoparticles (G-nZVI) were synthesized in situ by adding grape-seed extracts and Fe2+ solution simultaneously. It is obvious that the systhesis of original G-nZVI in the homogeneous system is more simple, rapid, cost-effective and suitable for in situ uses It holds a great potential for remediation of soil and water. Machado et al.[25] demonstrated that green nZVI were synthesized in situ by adding www.nature.com/scientificreports the tree leaf extracts and Fe3+ solution simultaneously to ibuprofen-containing aqueous solutions, ibuprofen in the homogeneous system were degraded by the produced green nZVI. This simple and fast process is more economic than the traditional technology in the heterogeneous system, especially applied to the remediation of soils. The investigation would provide useful information for further development of G-nZVI
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