Abstract
In gardening, particularly in golf courses, soil moisture management is critical for maximizing water efficiency. Remote sensing has been used to estimate soil moisture in recent years with relatively low accuracies. In this paper, we aim to use remote sensing and wireless sensor networks to generate soil moisture indexes for a golf course. In the golf course, we identified three types of soil, and data was gathered for three months. Mathematical models were obtained using data from Sentinel-2, bands with a resolution of 10 and 20 m, and sensed soil moisture. Models with acceptable accuracy were obtained only for one out of three soil types, the natural soil in which natural vegetation is grown. Two multiple regression models are presented with an R2 of 0.46 for bands at 10 m and 0.70 for bands at 20 m. Their mean absolute error was lower than 3% in both cases. For the modified soils, the greens, and the golf course fairway, it was not feasible to obtain regression models due to the temporal uniformity of the grass and the range of variation of soil moisture. The developed moisture indexes were compared with existing options. The attained accuracies improve the current models. The verification indicates that the model generated with band 4 and band 12 is the one with better accuracy.
Highlights
Accepted: 5 December 2021The irrigation of golf courses presents important difficulties due to the heterogeneous distribution of the terrain, the variations in soil composition at different areas, and high water consumption
The results show that the combination of other remote sensing techniques as well as field data is still necessary
The estimation of accurate soil moisture using satellite imagery is essential for evaluating irrigation efficiency
Summary
The irrigation of golf courses presents important difficulties due to the heterogeneous distribution of the terrain, the variations in soil composition at different areas, and high water consumption. Golf courses are comprised of differentiated areas such as the green, the fairway, or the rough. These areas have different grass lengths, and the activities performed in each area may lead to varied hazards such as uprooting [2]. The differences between these areas in vegetation, soil composition, and terrain lead to different irrigation needs. In order to adjust the amount of irrigation for each area or sprinkler, the soil moisture at each part of the golf course must be monitored
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