Abstract
The mental health problems might have been increased owing to the COVID-19 pandemic with the commencement of the year 2020, therefore, an epidemiological survey appraising the burden of mental health issues among the general population is imperative. This cross-sectional study attempts to reveal the underlying mental health conditions, such as Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms (PTSS), depression, and insomnia, relating to the pandemic situation, and to further examine the combined effects of gender and age on the COVID-19 related mental health consequences. An online survey was conducted among 2,992 adults in China from February 1st 2020 to February 10th 2020. The study uses binary logistic regression to analyze the potential factors associated with PTSD, depression, and insomnia. The results indicate that the prevalence of PTSS, depression, and insomnia are 19.5, 26.9, and 19.6% respectively during the COVID-19. Men and women show different rates of PTSS and depression, whereas no insomnia is found in both males and females. The females above 50 years of age have a lower level of depressive symptoms (OR = 0.448, 95%CI: 0.220–0.911, Cohen's d = −0.443) as compared with females aged 18–25; while the highest effect sizes for PTSS (OR = 2.846, 95%CI: 1.725–4.695, Cohen's d = 0.537) and the depression (OR = 2.024, 95%CI: 1.317–3.111, Cohen's d = 0.314) are seen in males aged 26 to 30. Besides gender, education, living conditions, direct exposure to COVID-19, the post mental and the physical health condition is related to PTSS, depression, and insomnia. Our study suggests that high-risk groups, especially those having two or more related factors and young men, should be the focus of mental health intervention.
Highlights
Detected by the end of 2019, Corona Virus Disease, known as COVID-19, has become a global pandemic after affecting millions of people worldwide
Among all 2,858 participants, 19.5% are found of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), 26.9% of depression, and 19.6% of insomnia
Since age has an insignificant association with insomnia, this study further examines the combined effect of gender and age on PTSS and depression
Summary
Detected by the end of 2019, Corona Virus Disease, known as COVID-19, has become a global pandemic after affecting millions of people worldwide. The outbreak and the spread of COVID-19 caused multiple challenges relating to political management, economic growth, and healthcare delivery on the macro-level and to the psychological well-being of individuals [1, 2]. As a new form of a stressor for mental health [5], the COVID-19 pandemic affects populations beyond healthcare workers. Another systematic review indicates that the general population in many countries reported a relatively high prevalence of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic [9]. It is rational to assume that this epidemic is sweeping across the population, and an epidemiological survey of the general population is essential for evaluating the actual mental health burden of the COVID19 crisis
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