Abstract
This study examined the effect of study time, biochar dose, and fertilization-tillage system on the improvement of sandy loam physical-chemical properties and triticale grain yield. The soil properties (water holding capacity (WHC), wettability, moisture content (MC), organic matter content (SOM), pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) were monitored in short time intervals (after 3, 6, 12, and 24 months). Soil was tilled in two methods (shallow ploughless tillage and direct drilling), fertilized with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers, and amended with three hydrophobic pine wood biochar doses (0 t/ha; 5 t/ha; 15 t/ha). It was found that 15 t/ha biochar dose had the highest effect on the soil’s physical-chemical properties improvement (SOM increased by 33.7%, pH—by 6.84%, EC—by 23.4%, WHC—by 8.48%, and MC—by 21.8%) compared to the variants without biochar. Direct drilling, fertilization with NPK fertilizers and 15 t/ha biochar dose significantly influenced the rise of soil’s physical-chemical properties and triticale yield (3.51 t/ha).
Highlights
Academic Editors: Othmane Merah, The surface properties of soil have a high practical impact
Other studies found a positive correlation between the amount of organic matter and hydrophobicity in clay soil from the Utah State (USA) [55], in pine forest soil affected by wildfires from Spain [56]
The combined effect of 15 t/ha biochar dose and NPK fertilizers in a direct drilling system improved soil’s physical-chemical properties and the triticale yield (3.51 t/ha) the most. This can be explained by better nutritional conditions for plants from fertilized soil due to the incorporation of macroelements (N, P, K) with fertilizers and microelements (Zn, Cu) with biochar addition, which increases plant growth and yield
Summary
Academic Editors: Othmane Merah, The surface properties of soil have a high practical impact. Interaction between solid material and liquid phases is one of the most important soil processes which include physical, chemical, and biological functions of soil [1]. Wettability is one of the most often occurring phenomena which arise between the surface boundaries of different phases [2]. It is a fundamental property controlling the wetting of plane and granular solid materials. Compared with the plane surfaces of the solid, wettability of granular materials has additional complexity of different level roughness effects (particle level or particle agglomeration level). The wettability of soil affects hydrological functions of soil systems including infiltration, preferential flow, and runoff
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