Abstract
Without hindering the taste, making a cigarette less harmful by reducing the percentage of toxic and carcinogenic compounds in the smoke of the cigarette is a challenging task for the current generation of researchers. In the current work, by implementing mechanical, chemical and combined modification techniques, the above stated is tried to mitigate. In addition to the above, the optimum suction pressure, burning time and the number of puffing are also determined. Mechanical modification technique considers filter to cigarette ratio and filter design as the controlling parameters. The mathematical calculation reveals that puffing should stop when the cigarette length reaches 0.15 times of its original length. Furthermore, it is also identified that the concentrations of suspended solids and droplets in the smoke decrease significantly (separation efficiency = 56.81%) if the cigarette to filter ratio is maintained at 2.32. In case of chemical modification, by using various types of adsorbents such as charcoal and Zeolite 13X, the harmful effects are further reduced. These processes depict significant reduction in harmful effect (separation efficiency up to 62.1%) by showing the decrement in the suspended solids and droplets in the smoke due to the adsorption on the active sites of adsorbents. In case of combined modification, the achieved separation efficiency is 66.51%. For the experimentation, an experimental setup fitted with artificial lungs was used.
Highlights
The discharge of wastewater laden with polluting substances into the receiving environment without or with unsuitable treatment is a cause for growing concern given the undesirable effects; it can have on the environment and the health of living beings (Iloms et al 2020)
Having an idea about the surface of biosorbent used can facilitate the prediction of the main reactions that may occur during the removal of Amaranth dye by biosorption and bisorption coupling anodic oxidation (AO)
The identification of the surface functionally of the used L.C will enhance the deep understanding of the main mechanism that may occur during the retention of the Amaranth dye
Summary
The discharge of wastewater laden with polluting substances into the receiving environment without or with unsuitable treatment is a cause for growing concern given the undesirable effects; it can have on the environment and the health of living beings (Iloms et al 2020). The protection of water resources against this growing pollution is the subject of several research studies for the implementation of more efficient, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly technologies (Othmani et al 2020b). Wastewater is characterized by strong variations in pH, high concentration of organic matter , and high chemical oxygen demand (Choi et al.2017). Some compounds are degradable chemically or biologically, others are recalcitrant to conventional treatment methods and there is a need to seek more adequate treatment systems (Elaissaoui et al 2016). Plenty of methods have been used in the cure of contaminated water including cheap alternatives like biosorption and expensive ones like electrochemical processes (Fernandes et al 2016; Elaissaoui et al 2019)
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