Abstract
Alpha-solanine is an alkaloid that can inhibit the growth of pathogens and cancer cells, the present study proved that feeding with Bacillus coagulans R11 increases the concentration of alpha-solanine in the cecum of laying hens, which also decreases the abundance of potential pathogens. In addition, the bacteria genera, metabolism pathways and its proteins involved in the biosynthesis of alpha-solanine in the cecum were also characterized. The results showed that B. coagulans R11 feeding could increase the concentration of alpha-solanine, even with lead exposure. Mevalonic acid and MEP/DOXP pathways were both participated in the biosynthesis of alpha-solanine; at the same time, the gut metabolites (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate, N2-succinyl-L-ornithine and the bacteria proteins atoB, ispH were shown to be crucial role in the biosynthesis of alpha-solanine in the gut. The genera Faecalibacterium sp. An77 and Faecalibacterium sp. An58 2 were important in the biosynthesis of alpha-solanine, which provided the key proteins atoB and ispH. In addition, alpha-solanine could decrease the abundance of Prevotella sp. 109 and Prevotella marshii. In conclusion, alpha-solanine could be biosynthesized by cecal microorganisms with the stimulation of B. coagulans R11 in the intestine of laying hens, in addition, alpha-solanine was the main compound which also decreased the abundance of gut potential.
Highlights
Alpha-solanine (α-solanine) is a glycoalkaloid that can protect plants from hostile environments such as cold temperatures, insects, phytopathogen attacks and vertebrate feeding due to its toxic peculiarity (Hasanain et al, 2015)
The aims were (1) to find the major antibiotic compound in the cecum of B. coagulans R11 feeding laying hens exposed to lead; (2) to investigate the proteins and enzymes related to the major antibiotic compound; and (3) to elucidate the key bacteria related to the metabolism of the major antibiotic compound. α-Solanine has been identified as the major antibiotic compound in the cecum content of B. coagulans R11 feeding laying hens, and the concentration of α-solanine increased with lead exposure; the present study focused on elucidating the related pathways of α-solanine production promoted by B. coagulans R11 feeding
The metabolites, proteins and genera involved in α-solanine biosynthesis are shown in Figure 6, and the present study reports a new possible antibiotic mechanism resulting from B. coagulans R11 feeding of laying hens
Summary
Alpha-solanine (α-solanine) is a glycoalkaloid that can protect plants from hostile environments such as cold temperatures, insects, phytopathogen attacks and vertebrate feeding due to its toxic peculiarity (Hasanain et al, 2015). Most studies have reported that α-solanine decreases the abundance of pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (Rajalakshmi and Jayachitra, 2017; Friedman et al, 2018). Some studies found that the proliferation of cancer cells could be inhibited by α-solanine (Hasanain et al, 2015; Butt et al, 2018). Many alkaloids have recently been identified in cultivable microorganisms, B. coagulans R11 Increased Alpha-Solanine which provide opportunities for their sustainable production (Zotchev, 2013). Because of the advantages of α-solanine, it is worth discovering probiotics that could produce it. Probiotics that could stimulate the synthesis of α-solanine in animals or the human gut could receive increased attention in the future
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