Abstract
[Extract] In 2014 , Australia celebrated the twentieth anniversary of its biennial national coastal conferences marking two decades in the evolution of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM). Austalia held its first coastal conference in 1994 against a backdrop of global concern about coastal vulnerability following the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) First Assessment Report (1990), the Rio Earth Summit (1992), and the first world conference on coasts (1993). The latter two events also called for an integrated approach to coastal and ocean management. While there has been some progress towards this goal, there has also been frustration over the rate of progress and there have been calls for better coordination and leadership.
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