Abstract
Since the discovery of nuclear reactions in PdD<sub>x</sub> alloys at around room temperature in 1989, there have been accumulated very many experimental data sets showing existence of nuclear reactions in solid materials composed of transition metals and occluded hydrogen isotopes (let us call them the <i>CF materials</i>, for short) resulting in various nuclear products such as neutrons, tritium, transmuted nuclei, and others accompanied with large excess energies at relatively low temperatures up to 1000°C (let us call these whole events the <i>cold fusion phenomenon</i> (<I>CFP</I>), for short). As the cause of these nuclear reactions in the CFP, we have to accept the existence of the interactions between nuclei in the CF material through the nuclear force<i> </i>(let us call this interaction the<i> nuclear-force interaction,</i> for short) recognized its existence in the nucleus in the nuclear physics. We can classify the CF materials, i.e. materials where CFP occurs, into three groups: (1) metallic material including transition-metal hydrides (e.g. NiH<sub>x</sub>, AuH<sub>x</sub>) and deuterides (e.g. PdD<sub>x</sub>, TiD<sub>x</sub>), (2) carbonic material including hydrogen graphite (HC<sub>x</sub>) and XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) and (3) biological material including microorganisms, microbial cultures and biological tissues or organs. We will explain the characteristics of the CFP observed in each group in this paper. The nuclear reactions in the CF material gives rise to production of new particles from neutron, triton, and new nuclei with proton numbers <I>Z</I> up to 83 accompanying enormous excess energy. In addition to these events, there occurs the stabilization of unstable nuclei, including the decay-time shortening of radioactive nuclei, which is especially interesting to apply it to treat hazardous nuclear waste produced by the nuclear power plant. Finally, we give an overview of the CFP in relation to the solid state-nuclear physics and the solid state-nuclear chemistry where the nuclear-force interaction may play important roles to explain the riddles found but not given appropriate explanations in these old sciences hitherto.
Highlights
In more than 30 years since the discovery of nuclear reactions in PdDx alloys in 1989 ([1], and e.g., [2, 3, 4]), there have been accumulated very many experimental data sets showing existence of nuclear reactions in solid materials composed of transition metals and occluded hydrogen isotopes resulting in various nuclear products such as neutrons, tritons, transmuted nuclei, and others accompanied with large excess energies at relatively low temperatures up to 1000°C (let us call these whole events the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP), for short)
We introduce the whole field of the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP) and a possible approach to give a unified explanation of the whole experimental data observed there to promote the investigation of the possible new field of the science between two big fields, nuclear physics and solid state physics, developed in these almost 100 years
The premises including the existence of the trapped neutrons have been investigated and verified quantum mechanically using such knowledge obtained in nuclear physics as the exotic nuclei and in transition metal hydrides/deuterides as super-diffusivity
Summary
In more than 30 years since the discovery of nuclear reactions in PdDx alloys in 1989 ([1], and e.g., [2, 3, 4]), there have been accumulated very many experimental data sets showing existence of nuclear reactions in solid materials composed of transition metals and occluded hydrogen isotopes (let us call them the CF materials, for short) resulting in various nuclear products such as neutrons, tritons, transmuted nuclei, and others accompanied with large excess energies at relatively low temperatures up to 1000°C (let us call these whole events the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP), for short). In contrast to the large quantity and the excellent quality of the evidence of the nuclear reactions in the CF material, there are too low evaluations for them in the world of the natural sciences The causes of this social phenomenon might be various but the most important one in them is, in our impression, the lack of possible unified explanations for the wide variety of events in the CFP outside of established fields of sciences developed in 20th century. We introduce the whole field of the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP) and a possible approach to give a unified explanation of the whole experimental data observed there to promote the investigation of the possible new field of the science between two big fields, nuclear physics and solid state physics, developed in these almost 100 years. The nuclear-force interaction which has not noticed its existence until now will play decisive role to resolve these riddles
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