Abstract
Berkeley's theory of mind has not, in the general run of things, commanded much respect. In fact, it has, more often than not, been perceived as an embarrassment. For, even though he claimed to have shown that our knowledge can extend no further than our ideas and that there can be no justification for talking about material substance, Berkeley insisted on the existence of spiritual substance. Because he refused to draw the conclusion that we have no better evidence for the existence and nature of spiritual substance than we do of material substance, Berkeley has repeatedly been charged with holding a position that is sadly incoherent. Reid's reaction is typical. In Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (II, XII),' he writes:
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