Abstract
The High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) will provide unprecedented instantaneous and integrated luminosity. The lead tungstate crystals forming the barrel part of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) will still perform well, even after the expected 3000 fb−1 at the end of HL-LHC. The scintillation light from the crystals is measured with avalanche photodiodes (APDs). Although the APDs will continue to be operational, there will be some increase in noise due to radiation-induced dark-currents. Triggering on electromagnetic objects with ~140 pileup events necessitates a change of the front-end electronics. New developments in high-speed optical links will allow single-crystal readout at 40 MHz to upgraded off-detector processors, allowing maximum flexibility and enhanced triggering possibilities. The very-front- end system will also be upgraded, to provide improved rejection of anomalous signals in the APDs as well as to mitigate the increase in APD noise. We are also considering lowering the ECAL barrel operating temperature from 18°C to about 8 ~10°C, in order to increase the scintillation light output and reduce the APD dark current.
Highlights
The CMS experiment [1] is located at CERN at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
The LHC experiments, including CMS, will be upgraded to meet the challenges brought by this unprecedented luminosity level and optimise the detectors for the rich physics program foreseen for HL-LHC
The Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) barrel is made of 36 supermodules, which were assembled on the surface, before being shipped down into the cavern where the CMS experiment is located and inserted into the CMS detector
Summary
The CMS experiment [1] is located at CERN at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). At the end of year 2022 the LHC will have accumulated 300 fb−1. The lead tungstate crystals forming the barrel part of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) will still perform well, even after the expected 3000 fb−1 at the end of HL-LHC. The APDs will continue to be operational, there will be some increase in noise due to radiation-induced dark-currents.
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