The Clustering of Low Diet Quality, Low Physical Fitness, and Unhealthy Sleep Pattern and Its Association with Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children.

Xianwen Shang,Haiquan Xu,Ailing Liu,Qian Zhang,Guansheng Ma,Yanping Li

doi:10.3390/nu12020591

Abstract

The clustering of diet quality, physical activity, and sleep and its association with cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors remains to be explored. We included 5315 children aged 6–13 years in the analysis. CMR score (CMRS) was computed by summing Z-scores of waist circumference, an average of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (multiplying by −1), and triglycerides. Low diet quality and low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) were more likely to be seen in a pair, but low diet quality was less likely to be clustered with unhealthy sleep patterns. Low diet quality, low CRF, and unhealthy sleep pattern was associated with a 0.63, 0.53, and 0.25 standard deviation (SD) higher increase in CMRS, respectively. Compared to children with no unhealthy factor (−0.79 SD), those with ≥1 unhealthy factor had a higher increase (−0.20 to 0.59 SD) in CMRS. A low diet quality-unhealthy sleep pattern resulted in the highest increase in CMRS, blood pressure, and triglycerides. A low diet quality–low CRF-unhealthy sleep pattern resulted in the highest increase in fatness and fasting glucose. Unhealthy factor cluster patterns are complex; however, their positive associations with changes in CMR factors are consistently significant in children. Some specific patterns are more harmful than others for cardiometabolic health.

Highlights

Unhealthy diet quality, low levels of physical activity, and unhealthy sleep patterns are commonly seen in school children [1,2]
Children whose mother or father with low Body mass index (BMI) were less likely to have three unhealthy factors, whereas those whose mother or father had a low amount of education were more likely to have three unhealthy factors (Supplementary Table S3)
Low diet quality-low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF)-unhealthy sleep pattern resulted in the highest increase in BMI, Waist circumference (WC), percent body fat (PBF), and fasting glucose and the lowest increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)

Summary

Introduction

Low levels of physical activity, and unhealthy sleep patterns are commonly seen in school children [1,2]. Some study has shown that physical activity in leisure-time was associated with healthier eating habits [3]; more other studies did not find significant associations between physical activity and diet habits [2,4,5]. Nutrients 2020, 12, 591 is associated with poor diet quality [6] and physical inactivity [7]. Data from longitudinal studies on the effect of sleep patterns on diet and physical activity are limited [5,6]. Increasing evidence has highlighted the importance of diet, physical activity, and sleep on metabolic health in children [1,2,8,9]. Studies have shown that Western dietary patterns, high energy-dense patterns, or sweet dietary patterns were associated with a higher risk of cardiometabolic risk (CMR)

Methods

Results

Conclusion