The CLN9 Protein, a Regulator of Dihydroceramide Synthase

S. Michal Jazwinski,Adam Zucker,Dixie-Ann Persaud-Sawin,Talal Mousallem,Rose-Mary N. Boustany,Angela Schulz,Jacek Bielawski,Alicja Bielawska,Maya Venkataramani,Chiara Luberto,Lina Kozhaya,Ghassan S. Dbaibo,Joost C.M. Holthuis

doi:10.1074/jbc.m509483200

Abstract

A new variant of a group of pediatric neurodegenerative diseases known as neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) or Batten disease has been identified. It is termed CLN9-deficient. CLN9-deficient fibroblasts have a distinctive phenotype of rapid growth and increased apoptosis and diminished levels of ceramide, dihydroceramide, and sphingomyelin. Transfection with CLN8 but not other NCL genes corrected growth and apoptosis in CLN9-deficient cells, although the entire CLN8 sequence was normal. CLN8 is one of the TRAM-Lag1-CLN8 proteins containing a Lag1 motif. The latter imparts (dihydro)ceramide synthase activity to yeast cells. Transfection with the yeast gene Lag1 Sc and the human homolog LASS1 increased ceramide levels and partially corrected growth and apoptosis in CLN9-deficient cells. LASS2,-4,,-5, and -6 also corrected growth and apoptosis. Dihydroceramide levels and dihydroceramide synthase activity were markedly diminished in CLN9-deficient cells. Sequencing of LASS1, LASS2, LASS4, LASS5, and LASS6 genes was normal, and expression levels were increased or normal in CLN9-deficient cells by reverse transcription-PCR. N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR), a dihydroceramide synthase activator, corrected growth and apoptosis and increased dihydroceramide synthase activity. Ceramide levels dropped further, and there was no increase in de novo ceramide synthesis, probably due to the effects of 4-HPR as activator of dihydroceramide synthase and inhibitor of dihydroceramide desaturase. Fumonisin B1, a dihydroceramide synthase inhibitor, exaggerated the CLN9-deficient phenotype of accelerated growth, decreased ceramide and increased apoptosis. This was neutralized by 4-HPR. We conclude that the CLN9 protein may be a regulator of dihydroceramide synthase and that 4-HPR could be developed as a treatment for CLN9-deficient patients.

Highlights

Cells transfected with CLN8 or empty vector were stained with JC-1 after 16 h of etoposide treatment
Cells transfected with CLN8 showed significantly less red J-aggregate formation than controls transfected with empty vector (Fig. 1D)
The marked decrease in de novo lactosylceramide synthesis and glycosphingolipids and gangliosides derived from it begged the question of whether one of the seven ␤-1,4-galactosyltransferases (␤4GalT1–7) or GB3/CD77 synthase could be candidates for CLN9

Summary

Introduction

The ninth form of NCL, CLN9, has recently been described in four patients; two German brothers and two Serbian sisters [15] These patients present with clinical features identical to those seen in juvenile or CLN3-deficient patients. CLN9-deficient patient fibroblasts have a distinctive phenotype They have small and rounded cell bodies, grow rapidly, are sensitive to apoptosis and manifest a cell adhesion defect. Their gene expression pattern is significantly different from that in other NCL forms. Sphingolipid metabolism, to other NCL variants, is perturbed in CLN9-deficient cells; ceramide, sphingomyelin (SM), lactosylceramide, gangliosides, ceramide trihexoside, and globoside, galactosylceramide, and glucosylceramide are diminished. A trafficking defect of ceramide from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi due to defects in ceramide transporter protein, the ER-to-Golgi ceramide transporter, could account for low SM [16]

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