The clinical characteristics of unipolar vs. bipolar major depression in ADHD youth

Abstract

ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics of unipolar vs. bipolar depression in youth using a sample of children referred for a study on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). MethodsWe compared children with unipolar depression (N=109) to those with bipolar depression (N=43) using boys and girls (N=280) referred for a study on ADHD. Comparisons were made in characteristics of depression, comorbidity and family history. All diagnoses were made using the KSADS-E. ResultsIn comparison to children with unipolar depression, children with bipolar depression were more likely to have met criteria for depression due to both “sad” and “mad” mood states as stated in the KSADS-E, have severe depression with suicidality, anhedonia and hopelessness. Children with bipolar depression were more likely to have comorbid conduct disorder, severe oppositional defiant disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive compulsive disorder and alcohol abuse, compared to children with unipolar depression. Bipolar depressed children had lower GAF scores and higher rates of hospitalization. Bipolar depression is associated with higher levels of psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives. ConclusionsIn youth, bipolar depression is distinct from unipolar depression in quality and severity of symptoms, comorbidity and family history. This presentation can aid clinicians in identifying children and adolescents with bipolar disorder.