The Clinical and Technical Effectiveness of Endovascular Embolization in Patients with Nonvariceal Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Abstract

Background and Aim Endovascular embolization is a well-established option in the management of acute gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) after failed therapeutic endoscopy; however, questions remain concerning the outcomes and the various predictors of clinical and technical success of this therapy. The authors aimed to assess the effectiveness of endovascular embolization in patients with nonvariceal GIB. Method Clinical records of 88 patients (mean age: 67.8 years) who underwent endovascular embolization for GIB were reviewed. Patient demographics, history, angiographic findings, treatment, and outcomes were recorded. The technical success of embolization, and the 24-hour and 30-day rebleeding and mortality rates were calculated. Multivariate analysis was performed to assess the factors associated with 24-hour and 30-day rebleeding. Results Angiography demonstrated signs of bleeding in 63 (71.6%) patients and all underwent selective embolization of the abnormal artery. Empiric embolization was performed in 25 patients. Embolization was performed with coils (n = 45), Gelfoam (n = 12), microparticles (n = 14), glue (n = 2), or a combination of these (n = 15). The technical success rate was 96.6%. The 24-hour and 30-day rebleeding occurred in 13 (14.7%) and 16 (18.2%) patients, respectively. The 24-hour and 30-day mortality rates were 9.1 and 11.3%, respectively. Ischemic complications following embolization were seen in three patients, of which two required surgery. Based on the multivariate analysis, the need for continued transfusion after embolization and prior GIB were independent variables associated with 24-hour and 30-day rebleeding, respectively. Conclusions Endovascular embolization has a high technical and clinical success in patients presenting with nonvariceal GIB.