Abstract
BackgroundThere are few data describing the microbiology and genetic typing of Staphylococcus aureus that cause infections in developing countries.MethodsIn this study we observed S. aureus infections in Pacific Island nation of Fiji in both the community and hospital setting with an emphasis on clonal complex (CC) genotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility.ResultsS. aureus was commonly found in impetigo lesions of school children and was recovered from 57% of impetigo lesions frequently in conjunction with group A streptococcal infection. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) comprised 7% (20/299) of isolates and were all non-multi-resistant and all genotyped as CC1. In contrast, there was a diverse selection of 17 CCs among the 105 genotyped methicillin-susceptible S.aureus (MSSA) strains. Isolates of the rare, phylogenetically divergent and non-pigmented CC75 lineage (also called S.argenteus) were found in Fiji.From hospitalized patients the available 36 MRSA isolates from a 9-month period were represented by five CCs. The most common CCs were CC1 and CC239. CC1 is likely to be a community-acquired strain, reflecting what was found in the school children, whereas the CC239 is the very successful multi-drug resistant MRSA nosocomial lineage. Of 17 MSSA isolates, 59% carried genes for Panton-Valentine leukocidin. The S. aureus bacteraemia incidence rate of 50 per 100,000 population is among the highest reported in the literature and likely reflects the high overall burden of staphylococcal infections in this population.ConclusionsS. aureus is an important cause of disease in Fiji and there is considerable genotypic diversity in community skin infections in Fijian schoolchildren. Community acquired- (CA)- MRSA is present at a relatively low prevalence (6.7%) and was solely to CC1 (CA-MRSA). The globally successful CC239 is also a significant pathogen in Fiji.
Highlights
There are few data describing the microbiology and genetic typing of Staphylococcus aureus that cause infections in developing countries
Since first being recognised in the early 1960s, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) emerged as an important worldwide pathogen associated with nosocomial infections in the developed world, so-called healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) [2]
Antimicrobial resistance testing was performed on 299 of the 323 isolates. 20 isolates (6.7%, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 4.1 – 10.1) from 14 children were found to be non–multidrug-resistant MRSA (nmMRSA), 17 underwent single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-typing, and all were CC1 and Panton Valentine leukocidin (PVL) negative
Summary
There are few data describing the microbiology and genetic typing of Staphylococcus aureus that cause infections in developing countries. In an analysis of 220 papers concerning hospital-acquired infection in developing countries, S. aureus was the second most recognised cause after the Enterobacteriaceae; antibiotic resistance was recorded in just eight of the studies reviewed and, of these, 54% of the S.aureus isolates were found to be methicillin resistant [4]. S. aureus has been found to cause significant disease amongst certain disadvantaged populations, including Indigenous communities [6]. In a study of impetigo in an urbanised population of Indigenous Australians in Far North Queensland in Australia, S. aureus was isolated from 92 of 118 cases (78%) of which 16% were CAMRSA [7]. In northern Australia, the incidence of S. aureus bacteraemia in the Indigenous population was 5.8 times that of non-Indigenous Australians [9]
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