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Abstract
All coefficients of the unclamped and clamped electro-optic tensor of zirconium-doped congruent LiNbO3 single crystals are determined as function of the dopant concentration at room temperature. With a distribution coefficient of zirconium closer to one in the considered range, the dopant concentration is in the range up to 2.5 mol% of ZrO2. The electro-optic coefficients are measured by direct techniques based on interferometric and Sénarmont optical arrangements at the wavelength of 633 nm. It is found that all the unclamped and clamped effective electro-optic coefficients are relatively constant, except for the sample grown with 2 mol% of zirconium. The electro-optic behavior of LN:Zr as function of the dopant concentration was confirmed by dielectric characterizations. The concentration equal 2 mol% of ZrO2 can be considered to a threshold concentration for various physical and optical properties.
Highlights
Zr-doped LiNbO3 (LN) is a promising substrate material for nonlinear integrated optics as it combines excellent electro-optic (EO), acousto-optic, and nonlinear optical properties [1, 2]
The distribution coefficient of zirconium is closer to one and we considered the same concentration in melts than in crystals
Mach-Zehnder and Sénarmont were used for the determination of all coefficients of the electro-optic tensor of the LN:Zr crystal series from pure congruent to zirconium doped with 2.5 mol% of ZrO2 in the crystal considering a distribution coefficient of zirconium closer to one
Summary
Zr-doped LiNbO3 (LN) is a promising substrate material for nonlinear integrated optics as it combines excellent electro-optic (EO), acousto-optic, and nonlinear optical properties [1, 2]. It was shown that a reduction of the photorefractive sensitivity in LN crystals doped with tetravalent ions such as Hf4+ and Zr4+ could be achieved with more than 2 times lower impurity ions concentration than in the case of divalent ions This advantage is associated to a distribution coefficient of these impurities at that concentration closer to one interesting during the growth process [24,25,26,27,28]. Our experiments lead to conclude that an effective and relatively abrupt kink in the electro-optical properties exists for crystals around 2 mol% ZrO2 that is in full accordance with the threshold observed in optical damage This behavior exists for all the unclamped and clamped coefficients of the third column of the electro-optic tensor, while the acoustic contribution remains constant in the studied concentration range
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