The City-Wide Impacts of the Interactions between Shared Autonomous Vehicle-Based Mobility Services and the Public Transportation System

TransJakarta since 2004 was expected as the backbone of the public transportation in Jakarta as well as TransMilenio in Bogota. However, the role of TransJakarta only approximately 1, 95% of the overall number of trips has reached 19 million/day. The analysis technique on this paper is descriptive analysis. TransJakarta operational perceived is still not effective, so that the necessary efforts to increase modal share sourced from BRT management best practice in other countries. Efforts could be made to increase modal share, among others, the elimination of thousands of parking and replaced by pedestrian friendly also develop a separate bike lane along 303 km in Bogota (Colombia). TransJakarta operational is still considered less in some aspects that are: total of fTransJakarta fleet, total of feeder route, Transjakarta speed and headway still need improved, overtaking lanes are built along the TransJakarta route, Integration with all public transport is absolutely necessary, integration with pedestrians and bicycle users TransJakarta ticket fares should be integrated with feeder and other public transportation such as KRL, city buses and paratransit and using smartcards. In terms of restrictions on the use of private vehicles can be done in the following ways implement a bike-sharing program, implement program of not using motor vehicles during weekdays for 1 day in a week, providing park and ride, implement fuel restriction program for gasoline purchases, implement car sharing program. If the operational performance of TransJakarta has been improved and restrictions on the use of private motor vehicles are implemented, it is expected that the modal split of road users in Jakarta can be expected to rise to be more ideal. In some other parts of the world some experts say ideal conditions of split capital between public transport and private vehicles can reach 65%: 35%. Hopefully the city of Jakarta can achieve this .

This study examines the environmental impacts of roundtrip car sharing services by investigating transportation behavior. Car sharing should contribute to reduced greenhouse gas GHG emissions; however, such schemes include both positive and negative environmental effects, including: (1) reduced CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent) from substituting private vehicle use for more fuel-efficient car sharing vehicles, (2) increased CO2e as car-less individuals switch from public transit to car sharing vehicles and (3) reduced CO2e due to fewer vehicles. This study examines the impacts of this modal shift on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions using three types of models: a mixed logit model to analyze car sharing service preferences; a binary logit model to analyze whether individuals are willing to forgo vehicle ownership or planned purchases to use car sharing services; and a linear regression to determine how much private vehicle or public transportation use would be replaced by car sharing and the resulting effects on mobility. Total emissions from the current car sharing market equal 1,025,589.36 t CO2e/year. However, an increase in electric vehicle (EV) charging stations to 50% of the number of gasoline-fuel stations would increase the probability of electric car sharing vehicle use, thereby reducing emissions by 655,773 t CO2e. This study shows that forgoing vehicle purchases does not offset the increased GHG emissions caused by the shift from public transportation or private vehicle use to car sharing.

The expenditure on private vehicle usage is an important aspect of the budget allocation process of households, which has important implications for the sustainable urban development and transport, energy and environmental policy making. This paper examines the gasoline consumption demand of Greek households using cross-sectional micro-data from a country-wide Household Budget Survey (HBS) during the period 2004/05. The two-step Heckman modeling methodology is adopted to jointly estimate the probability of selecting to use private vehicle and the amount of using it. In this way, it can help to identify and better explain factors for which some private vehicle owners/holders do (not) actually consume that mode. The results offer valuable insight into the existence of feedback relationship between the decision-making mechanisms of selecting to use private vehicle and amount of usage, in terms of the amount of money spent for gasoline consumption. They also indicate the statistically significant impact of region-specific fixed effects, which implies that unobserved or omitted factors associated with each Region have a different impact on the decision to choose and the amount of using private vehicle. The income variable has a statistically significant positive impact on the selection and usage of a private vehicle. The estimated income elasticity suggests that a private vehicle travel is relatively inelastic (normal and necessity good). Its value reflects the increased car dependence and it is within the range of other income elasticities found in the literature. The male gender of household head, the amount of cars owned, the participation of family members in the labour market, the family size (a single-parent or couples with at least one child older than 18 years-old) and the expenditure on communication and tourism increase the probability of private vehicle gasoline consumption. The latter finding verifies that private vehicle constitutes an important means of transport during vacation. The use of communication devices, especially a mobile phone, reinforces the use of private vehicle, as it weakens the need for short-range activity planning in advance and the range and extent of social networking. On the contrary, the high population densities, the connection to the internet and the aging of household head reduce the probability of private vehicle gasoline consumption. The above results signify the role of personal and intra-household constraints, mostly related to size and aging structure, on the selection and use of a private vehicle. The expenditure on most other transport categories, such as an urban public transport, taxi, coach and rail negatively and statistically significantly affect private vehicle gasoline consumption. This outcome stresses the competitive relationship between the private vehicle and other transport modes which are mainly used in urban areas (urban bus, metro, and taxi). The study findings suggest the design of more sustainable leisure travel services, focussed on upgrading the quality of public transport modes servicing tourist resort areas. Policy measures to manage private vehicle use must be spatially targeted, accounting for the local climate, residential densities, infrastructure and accessibility conditions and the service quality of alternative modes in each Region. These measures can be supplemented with the adoption of suitable information and communication technologies to reduce the demand for private vehicle travel and increase the level of public transport services, as well as investments in clean vehicle technologies.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.23.1.1226

A tale of two modes: Who will use single user and shared autonomous vehicles

This study employed a recursive mixed-process model to analyze how sociodemographic characteristics affected household transportation expenditures and car ownership in Taiwan. Transportation expenditures were segmented into those for private vehicle use and those for public transport services. Data on households were sourced from Taiwan’s Family Income and Expenditure Survey for the years 2002 and 2022. The principal findings were as follows. First, household travel demand varied by household life cycle stage, with middle-aged households exhibiting the highest travel demand. Older households also exhibited substantial travel demand and had higher transportation expenditures and car ownership rates than households headed by individuals under 29 years old did. A finding of increased mobility among households headed by older adults reflected longer life expectancy, improved health, and greater wealth. Second, household composition considerably affected transportation expenditures and car ownership. For example, additional family members were typically associated with increased transportation expenditures. However, additional members aged 14 years or younger were associated with reduced public transportation expenditures because private vehicles often replaced public transit because they were used for caregiving and delivery. By contrast, additional older family members (aged 65 years or older) were associated with reduced private transportation expenditures and increased public transportation expenditures, reflecting older individuals’ limited wealth and the high costs of private vehicle use. These results clarify the determinants of transportation expenditures and highlight the characteristics of Taiwanese households reliant on private vehicles. As family structures change and population aging continues, age-friendly public transportation systems should be prioritized in the development of transportation.

یکی از چالش‌های اساسی فراروی برنامه ریزی شهری در اواخر قرن بیستم، رشد پیوسته میزان ترافیک بوده که دست‌یابی به توسعه‌ی شهری پایدار را تحت تأثیر خود قرار داده است .لذا یکی از راه حل های ارائه شده برای حل مشکلات ترافیکی و مسائل اقتصادی و اجتماعی و زیست محیطی ناشی از آن در شهرهای بزرگ ، اعمال محدودیت های ترافیکی جهت کاهش تفاضای سفر و محدودیت تردد وسایط نقلیه‌ی شخصی و افزایش استفاده از وسایط نقلیه‌ی عمومی در محدوده‌ی مکانی و زمانی خاص بوده که خود یکی از ابزارهای مدیریت سیستم حمل ونقل (TSM ) می باشد. این تحقیق در دوبخش اعمال طرح محدودیت ترافیکی را مورد بررسی قرار داده است،که در بخش اول با هدف آگاهی ازنظریات مردم درخصوص اجرای طرح محدودیت تردد وسایل نقلیه‌ی شخصی در هسته‌ی مرکزی شهر مشهد، تعداد 150 پرسشنامه تکمیل گردید. دربخش دوم به منظور تکمیل اطلاعات و آزمون دقیق‌تر فرضیات تعداد 40 پرسشنامه‌ی دیگرتکمیل وبه تحلیل دیدگاههای کارشناسی وارزشیابی آنها از طرح ترافیکی ویژه ایام خاص شهر مشهد به ویژه نوروز 88، پرداخته شده است که دارای اهمیت زیادی است. بر اساس اطلاعات به دست آمده، 70.7 درصد افراد پاسخگو، اجرای طرح را موجب روان شدن جریان ترافیک در محدوده مرکزی شهرمی دانند و70 درصد موافقند که اجرای طرح باعث تسهیل در دسترسی ها می شود. همچنین58 درصد افراد مورد بررسی اجرای طرح را سبب کاهش آلودگی هوا،54 درصد افراد موجب کاهش آلودگی صوتی و 56 درصد افراد هم اجرای طرح فوق را سبب کاهش مصرف سوخت بیان کرده اند. بنابراین به لزوم اجرای طرح در ایام خاص دراین محدوده پی می بریم، هر چند که66 درصد کسبه اجرای طرح را موجب کسادی کار خود دانسته اند. بر اساس بررسی انجام شده، راهکارهای مدیران و کارشناسان جهت رسیدن به حمل ونقل پایدار، شامل اجرای طرح محدودیت ترافیکی و پیوسته نمودن آن در هسته‌ی مرکزی شهر، استفاده بیشتر از سیستم حمل ونقل همگانی، مدیریت عرضه و تقاضای حمل ونقل، افزایش ظرفیت پارکینگ‌ها و مدیریت واحد شهری و... است. نتایج به‌دست آمده از مطالعات انجام شده حاکی از آن است که روش‌های محدودکننده‌ی ترافیک، تأثیر قابل توجهی بر ترافیک مرکز شهر،کاهش استفاده از وسایل نقلیه‌ی شخصی وافزایش استفاده از وسایل نقلیه‌ی همگانی داشته اند.

The wide-ranging implementation of car-sharing has led to many positive impacts but also has been a controversial issue as it can cause congestion if it replaces public transport trips. Therefore, we are aiming to investigate the competition and cooperation between car-sharing and public transport with a focus on the car-sharing pricing policy. We consider shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) for which a range of pricing scenarios are possible and simulate different scenarios with a given public transport networks. An important aspect of SAVs is the relocation strategy to cater future demand optimally and this is considered in our simulation. We consider distance specific pricing, as well as origin–destination specific pricing for car-sharing. We create a model of Kyoto city with the real-world subway lines and trip data and simulate choices between public transport and SAVs. The performance of the whole network is evaluated by the cost for passengers, profit for the car-sharing operator as well as the spatial distribution of car-sharing prices and its modal share. Results show that if a car-sharing service is introduced in the network, cost for passengers can be decreased. The benefit is spatially heterogenous and depends on the public transport network. A main result is that the benefit is significantly reduced if the SAV operator can pick prices for all ODs freely instead of being bound to a distance-based fare. Hence, it is necessary for city planners to introduce some pricing regulation, in order to balance and maximize the benefits for both passengers and car-sharing operators.KeywordsShared autonomous vehiclesMode choiceTransit networkPricing

The popularisation of autonomous vehicles will give rise to a new business model called shared autonomous vehicle (SAV). SAVs may attract a large number of passengers and lead to a decline in the share of buses, which can be interpreted by exploring passengers’ travel behaviour when confronting the SAV and bus modes. Thus, this paper addresses the SAV and bus passengers’ travel behaviour, aiming to examine the factors influencing travel behaviour and revealing the characteristics of SAV passengers. We classified passengers using latent class cluster analysis and modelled passengers’ travel behaviour based on confirmatory factor analysis and mixed logit model. The findings indicate a variation in travel preferences among different classes of travellers. Short-distance travellers pay less attention to travel time. Non-short-distance PT travellers are most likely to be affected by service attributes (waiting time, travel time and travel costs). Non-short-distance private car travellers are more likely to become early SAV adopters. Passengers travelling for short distances may be more likely to choose SAV, which reveals the potential of SAVs to become a first and last mile connection for public transport. Passengers lack trust in SAVs, which will affect their promotion.

Multi-modal morning commute with endogenous shared autonomous vehicle penetration considering parking space constraint

Mode choice in transportation is influenced by factors such as comfort, safety, travel time, cost, and reliability, with most commuters in Banda Aceh preferring private vehicles due to flexibility and efficiency. Travel time and travel cost are identified as major barriers preventing people from switching to public transport, which is often considered less attractive. While studies abroad examine elasticity from multiple perspectives, research in Indonesia has mainly focused on vehicle attributes. The objective of this paper is to analyze the elasticity of travel time and travel cost for users of private vehicles and public transportation. The study employs a binary probit model to estimate elasticity values, utilizing data from a Stated Preference survey of transportation users. The results show that both trip attributes and individual characteristics significantly influence transport mode choice. Longer travel distances, higher travel time, and increased operating costs raise the likelihood of choosing public transport, while being male and having higher education also increase the tendency to select it. Conversely, motorcycle ownership strongly favors private mode choice, and holding a valid driver’s license is an important determinant of travel behavior. The elasticity analysis further reveals that reducing travel and access times for the TransK bus could significantly increase its usage, while policies restricting private vehicle use, such as the odd-even system, may also encourage shifts toward public transport. The study concludes that mode choice in Banda Aceh is mainly driven by travel time, with TransK highly responsive to time improvements, while private vehicles dominate despite cost changes. Encouraging public transport use requires faster, more reliable bus services and restrictions on private vehicle advantages.

Communities in general are in urgent need of public transportation beside private vehicles as a means of supporting the transportation of daily activities to meet their needs. The problem in big cities in Indonesia is urban transportation, especially big cities that are crowded like in JABODETABEK. The increasing number of residents of South Tangerang city is 3.27% high and the increase of the number of both motorcycles and four wheels is not followed by the improvement of urban public transportation service quality. Communities also negatively assess public services, especially urban transport that makes them choose to use private vehicles that can cause problems lannya social problems plus the lack of regulation in the use of private vehicles. The purpose of this research is to examine and analyze the relationship of urban public transportation concept which influenced by service quality, perceived value and government regulation.The research method used is Structural Equation Modeling LISREL with population of urban transport passengers in south tangerang with 400 respondents. The result of this research shows that consumer behavior is influenced by service quality, perceived value an. And there is a positive mediation effect of service quality and perceived value on consumer behavior

Communities in general are in urgent need of public transportation beside private vehicles as a means of supporting the transportation of daily activities to meet their needs. The problem in big cities in Indonesia is urban transportation, especially big cities that are crowded like in Jabodetabek. The increasing number of residents of South Tangerang city is 3.27% high and the increase of the number of both motorcycles and four wheels is not followed by the improvement of urban public transportation service quality. Communities also negatively assess public services, especially urban transport that makes them choose to use private vehicles that can cause problems lannya social problems plus the lack of regulation in the use of private vehicles. The purpose of this research is to examine and analyze the relationship of urban public transportation concept which influenced by service quality, perceived value and government regulation. The research method used is Structural Equation Modeling LISREL with population of urban transport passengers in south tangerang with 400 respondents. The result of this research shows that consumer behavior is influenced by service quality, perceived value an. And there is a positive mediation effect of service quality and perceived value on consumer behavior

Communities in general are in urgent need of public transportation beside private vehicles as a means of supporting the transportation of daily activities to meet their needs. The problem in big cities in Indonesia is urban transportation, especially big cities that are crowded like in JABODETABEK. The increasing number of residents of South Tangerang city is 3.27% high and the increase of the number of both motorcycles and four wheels is not followed by the improvement of urban public transportation service quality. Communities also negatively assess public services, especially urban transport that makes them choose to use private vehicles that can cause problems lannya social problems plus the lack of regulation in the use of private vehicles. The purpose of this research is to examine and analyze the relationship of urban public transportation concept which influenced by service quality, perceived value and government regulation.The research method used is Structural Equation Modeling LISREL with population of urban transport passengers in south tangerang with 400 respondents. The result of this research shows that consumer behavior is influenced by service quality, perceived value an. And there is a positive mediation effect of service quality and perceived value on consumer behavior

Communities in general are in urgent need of public transportation beside private vehicles as a means of supporting the transportation of daily activities to meet their needs. The problem in big cities in Indonesia is urban transportation, especially big cities that are crowded like in Jabodetabek. The increasing number of residents of South Tangerang city is 3.27% high and the increase of the number of both motorcycles and four wheels is not followed by the improvement of urban public transportation service quality. Communities also negatively assess public services, especially urban transport that makes them choose to use private vehicles that can cause problems lannya social problems plus the lack of regulation in the use of private vehicles. The purpose of this research is to examine and analyze the relationship of urban public transportation concept which influenced by service quality, perceived value and government regulation. The research method used is Structural Equation Modeling LISREL with population of urban transport passengers in south tangerang with 400 respondents. The result of this research shows that consumer behavior is influenced by service quality, perceived value an. And there is a positive mediation effect of service quality and perceived value on consumer behavior

Geographic access, including mode of transportation, to health care facilities remains understudied. To identify sociodemographic factors associated with public vs private transportation use to access health care and identify the respondent, trip, and community factors associated with longer distance and time traveled for health care visits. This cross-sectional study used data from the 2017 National Household Travel Survey, including 16 760 trips or a nationally weighted estimate of 5 550 527 364 trips to seek care in the United States. Households that completed the recruitment and retrieval survey for all members aged 5 years and older were included. Data were analyzed between June and August 2022. Mode of transportation (private vs public transportation) used to seek care. Survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with public vs private transportation and self-reported distance and travel time. Then, for each income category, an interaction term of race and ethnicity with type of transportation was used to estimate the specific increase in travel burden associated with using public transportation compared a private vehicle for each race category. The sample included 12 092 households and 15 063 respondents (8500 respondents [56.4%] aged 51-75 years; 8930 [59.3%] females) who had trips for medical care, of whom 1028 respondents (6.9%) were Hispanic, 1164 respondents (7.8%) were non-Hispanic Black, and 11 957 respondents (79.7%) were non-Hispanic White. Factors associated with public transportation use included non-Hispanic Black race (compared with non-Hispanic White: adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.54 [95% CI, 1.90-6.61]; P < .001) and household income less than $25 000 (compared with ≥$100 000: aOR, 7.16 [95% CI, 3.50-14.68]; P < .001). The additional travel time associated with use of public transportation compared with private vehicle use varied by race and household income, with non-Hispanic Black respondents with income of $25 000 to $49 999 experiencing higher burden associated with public transportation (mean difference, 81.9 [95% CI, 48.5-115.3] minutes) than non-Hispanic White respondents with similar income (mean difference, 25.5 [95% CI, 17.5-33.5] minutes; P < .001). These findings suggest that certain racial, ethnic, and socioeconomically disadvantaged populations rely on public transportation to seek health care and that reducing delays associated with public transportation could improve care for these patients.